Growth and lipid levels of Tetraselmis tetrahele and Nannochloropsis sp. cultured under commercial fertilizers
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Jul 29, 2020
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Abstract
Microalgae are aquatic photosynthetic organisms that contain high amounts of lipid and are potential sources of biofuels as well as feed additives for aquaculture. This study analyzed the growth and algal lipid content of two microalgae species (Tetraselmis tetrahele and Nannochloropsis sp.) using commercial fertilizers and nutrient enrichment. The samples were cultured for 5 days in 1 L dextrose bottles fertilized using Tongkang Marine Research Laboratory (TMRL) enrichment media, inorganic fertilizers such as 14-14-14, and a combination of 14-14-14 and 21-0-0. The relative growth rate of two algae were measured by computing the k value while the lipid components were extracted using the Bligh and Dyer Method, and the lipid content of each sample was determined using the gravimetric method. The use of 14-14-14 fertilizer produced the highest growth rates (k=1.810) and lipid composition (14.789%) for T. tetrahele. By contrast, Nannochloropsis sp., grew well under TMRL enrichment media (k=9.708), and the use of 14-14-14 fertilizer resulted to high lipid content (5.000%).
How to Cite
Gonzales-Plasus MM. 2020. Growth and lipid levels of Tetraselmis tetrahele and Nannochloropsis sp. cultured under commercial fertilizers. The Palawan Scientist. 12:90–101. https://doi.org/10.69721/TPS.J.2020.12.1.07.
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Keywords
lipid content, microalgae, biofuel, nitrogen, aquaculture
References
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Alishah AH, Rafiei N, Garcia-Granados R, Alemzadeh A and Morones-Ramirez JR. 2019. Biomass and lipid induction strategies in microalgae for biofuel production and other applications. Microbial Cell Factories, 18: 178. DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1228-4.
Baharuddin NN, Azizi NS, Sohif HN, Karim WA, Al-Obaidi JR and Basiran MN. 2016. Marine microalgae flocculation using plant: The case of Nannochloropsis oculata and Moringa oleifera. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 48(2): 831–840.
Bajpai D and Tyagi VK. 2006. Biodiesel: source, production, composition, properties and its benefits. Journal of OLEO Science-Japan Oil Chemist’s Society, 55(10): 487-502. DOI: 10.5650/jos.55.487.
Bligh EG and Dyer WJ. 1959. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 37(8): 911-917. DOI: 10.1139/y59-099.
Breuer G, Lamers PP, Martens DE, Draaisma RB and Wijffels RH. 2012. The impact of nitrogen starvation on the dynamics of triacylglycerol accumulation in nine microalgae strains. Bioresources and Technology, 124: 217–226. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.003.
Chisti Y. 2007. Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnology Advances, 25: 294–306. DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001.
Choudhary P, Bhattacharya A, Prajapati SK, Kaushik P and Malik A. 2015. Phycoremediation-coupled biomethanation of microalgal biomass. In: Kim S-K (ed). Handbook of Marine Microalgae: Biotechnology Advances. Academic Press, 320 Boston, USA, pp. 99-483.
Dayananda C, Sarada R, Bhattacharya S and Ravishankar GA. 2005. Effect of media and culture conditions on growth and hydrocarbon production by Botryococcus braunii. Process Biochemistry, 40: 3125-3131. DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2005.03.006.
Duong VT, Thomas-Hall SR and Schenk PM. 2015. Growth and lipid accumulation of microalgae from fluctuating brackish and sea water locations in South East Queensland—Australia. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6: 359. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00359.
Griffiths MJ, Dicks RG, Richardson C and Harrison STL. 2011. Advantages and Challenges of Microalgae as a Source of Oil for Biodiesel. In: Stoytcheva M and Montero G (eds). Biodiesel - Feedstocks and Processing Technologies. IntechOpen, pp. 177-200. DOI: 10.5772/30085.
Han P, Lu Q, Fan L and Zhou W. 2019. A review on the use of Microalgae for sustainable aquaculture. Applied Science, 9: 2377. DOI: 10.3390/app9112377.
Hu Q, Sommerfeld M, Jarvis E, Ghirardi M, Posewitz M, Seibert M and Darzins A. 2008. Microalgal triacylglycerols as fedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances. Plant Journal, 54: 621–639. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03492.x.
Jena J, Nayak M, Panda HS, Pradhan N, Sarika C, Panda PK, Rao BVSK, Prasad RBN and Sukla LB. 2012. Microalgae of Odisha coast as a potential source for biodiesel production. World Environment, 2(1): 11-17. DOI: 10.5923/j.env.20120201.03.
Khan MI, Shin JH and Kim JD. 2018. The promising future of microalgae: current status, challenges, and optimization of a sustainable and renewable industry for biofuels, feed, and other products. Microbial Cell Factories, 17(1): 36. DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0879-x.
Kim G, Bae J and Lee K. 2016. Nitrate repletion strategy for enhancing lipid production from marine microalga Tetraselmis sp. Bioresource Technology, 205: 274–279. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.045.
Leite G, Abdelaziz A and Hallenbeck P. 2013. Algal biofuels: Challenges and opportunities. Bioresource Technology, 145: 134-141. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.02.007.
Lim DYK, Garg S, Timmins M, Zhang E, Thomas-Hall SB, Schuhmann H, Li Y and Schenk PM. 2012. Isolation and evaluation of oil-producing microalgae from subtropical coastal and brackish waters. PLoS One, 7: e40751- DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040751.
Ma YB, Wang ZY, Yu CJ, Yin YH and Zhou GK. 2014. Evaluation of the potential of 9 Nannochloropsis strains for biodiesel production. Bioresource Technology, 167: 503–509. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.06.047.
Maizatul A, Mohamed RMSR, Al-Gheethi AA and Hashim MA. 2017. An overview of the utilization of microalgae biomass derived from nutrient recycling of wet market wastewater and slaughterhouse wastewater. International Aquatic Research, 9: 177-193. DOI: 10.1007/s40071-017-0168-z.
Maruyama A, Aquino A, Dimaranan X and Satoshi K. 2009. Potential of biofuel crop production in the Philippines: A preliminary analysis. Horticulture Research, 63: 67-76.
Martin GJO, Hill DRA, Olmstead ILD, Bergamin A, Shears MJ, Dias D, Kentish S, Scales P, Botte C and Callahan D. 2014. Lipid profile remodeling in response to nitrogen deprivation in the microalgae Chlorella sp. (Trebouxiophyceae) and Nannochloropsis sp. (Eustigmatophyceae). PLoS One, 9(8): e103389. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103389.
Mata TM, Martins AA and Cetano NS. 2010. Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(1): 217-232. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.020.
Naorbe M and Serrano A. 2018. Effects of heavy metals on cell density, size, specific growth rate and chlorophyll a of Tetraselmis tetrahele under controlled laboratory conditions. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation and Legislation-International Journal of the Bioflux Society, 11(3): 589-597.
Nzayisenga JC, Farge X, Groll SL and Sellstedt A. 2020. Effects of light intensity on growth and lipid production in microalgae grown in wastewater. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 13(4): 1-8. DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1646-x.
Pal D, Khozin-Goldberg I, Cohen Z and Boussiba S. 2011. The effect of light, salinity, and nitrogen availability on lipid production by Nannochloropsis sp. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 90: 1429–1441. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3170-1.
Parrish CC and Wangersky PJ. 1987. Particulate and dissolved lipid classes in cultures of Phaeodactylum tricornutum grown in cage culture turbidostats with a range of nitrogen supply rates. Marine Ecology-Progress Series Ecology, 35: 119-128. DOI: 10.3354/meps035119.
Recht L, Zarka A and Boussiba S. 2012. Patterns of carbohydrate and fatty acid changes under nitrogen starvation in the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis and Nannochloropsis sp. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 94: 1495–1503. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-3940-4.
Ronquillo JD, Saisho T and Yamasaki S. 1997. Culture of Tetraselmis tetrahele and its utilization in the hatchery production of different penaeid shrimps in Asia. Hydrobiologia, 358: 237-244. DOI: 10.1023/A:1003128701968.
Seong T, Matsutani H, Kitagima RE, Satoh S and Haga Y. 2019. First step of non‐fish meal, non‐fish oil diet development for red seabream, (Pagrus major), with plant protein sources and microalgae Schizochytrium sp. Aquaculture Research, 50(9): 2460-2468. DOI: 10.1111/are.14199.
Singh J and Gu S. 2010. Commercialization potential of microalgae for biofuels production. Renew and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14: 2586–2610. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpe.2012.07.001.
Suyono EA and Samudra TJ. 2015. Growth and lipid content of microalgae Tetraselmis sp. cuture using combination of red-blue light and nitrogen starvations an effort to increase biodiesel production. Asian Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. Environmental Science, 17(1): 1-7.
Takagi M, Karseno and Yoshida T. 2006. Effect of salt concentration on intra cellular accumulation of lipids and triacylglyceride in marine micro algae Dunaliella cells. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 101(3): 223-226. DOI: 10.1263/jbb.101.223.
Tornabene TG, Holzer G, Lien S and Burris N. 1983. Lipid composition of the nitrogen starved green alga Neochloris oleoabundans. Enzyme Microbiology and Technology, 5: 435–440. DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(83)90026-1.
Venteris ER, Wigmosta MS, Coleman AM and Skaggs RL. 2014. Strain selection, biomass to biofuel conversion, and resource colocation have strong impacts on the economic performance of algae cultivation sites. Frontiers in Energy Research, 2(37): 1-6. DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2014.00037.
Yu ET, Zendejas FJ, Lane PD, Gaucher S, Simmons BA and Lane TW. 2009. Triacylglycerol accumulation and profiling in the model diatoms Thalassiosira pseudonana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Baccilariophyceae) during starvation. Journal of Applied Phycology, 21: 669–681. DOI: 10.1007/s10811-008-9400-y.
Zhu ID, Li ZH and Hiltunen E. 2016. Strategies for lipid production improvement in microalgae as a biodiesel feedstock. BioMed Research International, 2016: 1-8. DOI: 10.1155/2016/8792548.
Zienkiewicz K, Du ZY, Ma W, Vollheyde K and Benning C. 2016. Stress-induced neutral lipid biosynthesis in microalgae: molecular, cellular and physiological insights. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1861(9B): 1269–1281. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.02.008.
Alishah AH, Rafiei N, Garcia-Granados R, Alemzadeh A and Morones-Ramirez JR. 2019. Biomass and lipid induction strategies in microalgae for biofuel production and other applications. Microbial Cell Factories, 18: 178. DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1228-4.
Baharuddin NN, Azizi NS, Sohif HN, Karim WA, Al-Obaidi JR and Basiran MN. 2016. Marine microalgae flocculation using plant: The case of Nannochloropsis oculata and Moringa oleifera. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 48(2): 831–840.
Bajpai D and Tyagi VK. 2006. Biodiesel: source, production, composition, properties and its benefits. Journal of OLEO Science-Japan Oil Chemist’s Society, 55(10): 487-502. DOI: 10.5650/jos.55.487.
Bligh EG and Dyer WJ. 1959. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 37(8): 911-917. DOI: 10.1139/y59-099.
Breuer G, Lamers PP, Martens DE, Draaisma RB and Wijffels RH. 2012. The impact of nitrogen starvation on the dynamics of triacylglycerol accumulation in nine microalgae strains. Bioresources and Technology, 124: 217–226. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.003.
Chisti Y. 2007. Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnology Advances, 25: 294–306. DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001.
Choudhary P, Bhattacharya A, Prajapati SK, Kaushik P and Malik A. 2015. Phycoremediation-coupled biomethanation of microalgal biomass. In: Kim S-K (ed). Handbook of Marine Microalgae: Biotechnology Advances. Academic Press, 320 Boston, USA, pp. 99-483.
Dayananda C, Sarada R, Bhattacharya S and Ravishankar GA. 2005. Effect of media and culture conditions on growth and hydrocarbon production by Botryococcus braunii. Process Biochemistry, 40: 3125-3131. DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2005.03.006.
Duong VT, Thomas-Hall SR and Schenk PM. 2015. Growth and lipid accumulation of microalgae from fluctuating brackish and sea water locations in South East Queensland—Australia. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6: 359. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00359.
Griffiths MJ, Dicks RG, Richardson C and Harrison STL. 2011. Advantages and Challenges of Microalgae as a Source of Oil for Biodiesel. In: Stoytcheva M and Montero G (eds). Biodiesel - Feedstocks and Processing Technologies. IntechOpen, pp. 177-200. DOI: 10.5772/30085.
Han P, Lu Q, Fan L and Zhou W. 2019. A review on the use of Microalgae for sustainable aquaculture. Applied Science, 9: 2377. DOI: 10.3390/app9112377.
Hu Q, Sommerfeld M, Jarvis E, Ghirardi M, Posewitz M, Seibert M and Darzins A. 2008. Microalgal triacylglycerols as fedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances. Plant Journal, 54: 621–639. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03492.x.
Jena J, Nayak M, Panda HS, Pradhan N, Sarika C, Panda PK, Rao BVSK, Prasad RBN and Sukla LB. 2012. Microalgae of Odisha coast as a potential source for biodiesel production. World Environment, 2(1): 11-17. DOI: 10.5923/j.env.20120201.03.
Khan MI, Shin JH and Kim JD. 2018. The promising future of microalgae: current status, challenges, and optimization of a sustainable and renewable industry for biofuels, feed, and other products. Microbial Cell Factories, 17(1): 36. DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0879-x.
Kim G, Bae J and Lee K. 2016. Nitrate repletion strategy for enhancing lipid production from marine microalga Tetraselmis sp. Bioresource Technology, 205: 274–279. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.045.
Leite G, Abdelaziz A and Hallenbeck P. 2013. Algal biofuels: Challenges and opportunities. Bioresource Technology, 145: 134-141. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.02.007.
Lim DYK, Garg S, Timmins M, Zhang E, Thomas-Hall SB, Schuhmann H, Li Y and Schenk PM. 2012. Isolation and evaluation of oil-producing microalgae from subtropical coastal and brackish waters. PLoS One, 7: e40751- DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040751.
Ma YB, Wang ZY, Yu CJ, Yin YH and Zhou GK. 2014. Evaluation of the potential of 9 Nannochloropsis strains for biodiesel production. Bioresource Technology, 167: 503–509. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.06.047.
Maizatul A, Mohamed RMSR, Al-Gheethi AA and Hashim MA. 2017. An overview of the utilization of microalgae biomass derived from nutrient recycling of wet market wastewater and slaughterhouse wastewater. International Aquatic Research, 9: 177-193. DOI: 10.1007/s40071-017-0168-z.
Maruyama A, Aquino A, Dimaranan X and Satoshi K. 2009. Potential of biofuel crop production in the Philippines: A preliminary analysis. Horticulture Research, 63: 67-76.
Martin GJO, Hill DRA, Olmstead ILD, Bergamin A, Shears MJ, Dias D, Kentish S, Scales P, Botte C and Callahan D. 2014. Lipid profile remodeling in response to nitrogen deprivation in the microalgae Chlorella sp. (Trebouxiophyceae) and Nannochloropsis sp. (Eustigmatophyceae). PLoS One, 9(8): e103389. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103389.
Mata TM, Martins AA and Cetano NS. 2010. Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(1): 217-232. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.020.
Naorbe M and Serrano A. 2018. Effects of heavy metals on cell density, size, specific growth rate and chlorophyll a of Tetraselmis tetrahele under controlled laboratory conditions. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation and Legislation-International Journal of the Bioflux Society, 11(3): 589-597.
Nzayisenga JC, Farge X, Groll SL and Sellstedt A. 2020. Effects of light intensity on growth and lipid production in microalgae grown in wastewater. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 13(4): 1-8. DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1646-x.
Pal D, Khozin-Goldberg I, Cohen Z and Boussiba S. 2011. The effect of light, salinity, and nitrogen availability on lipid production by Nannochloropsis sp. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 90: 1429–1441. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3170-1.
Parrish CC and Wangersky PJ. 1987. Particulate and dissolved lipid classes in cultures of Phaeodactylum tricornutum grown in cage culture turbidostats with a range of nitrogen supply rates. Marine Ecology-Progress Series Ecology, 35: 119-128. DOI: 10.3354/meps035119.
Recht L, Zarka A and Boussiba S. 2012. Patterns of carbohydrate and fatty acid changes under nitrogen starvation in the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis and Nannochloropsis sp. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 94: 1495–1503. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-3940-4.
Ronquillo JD, Saisho T and Yamasaki S. 1997. Culture of Tetraselmis tetrahele and its utilization in the hatchery production of different penaeid shrimps in Asia. Hydrobiologia, 358: 237-244. DOI: 10.1023/A:1003128701968.
Seong T, Matsutani H, Kitagima RE, Satoh S and Haga Y. 2019. First step of non‐fish meal, non‐fish oil diet development for red seabream, (Pagrus major), with plant protein sources and microalgae Schizochytrium sp. Aquaculture Research, 50(9): 2460-2468. DOI: 10.1111/are.14199.
Singh J and Gu S. 2010. Commercialization potential of microalgae for biofuels production. Renew and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14: 2586–2610. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpe.2012.07.001.
Suyono EA and Samudra TJ. 2015. Growth and lipid content of microalgae Tetraselmis sp. cuture using combination of red-blue light and nitrogen starvations an effort to increase biodiesel production. Asian Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. Environmental Science, 17(1): 1-7.
Takagi M, Karseno and Yoshida T. 2006. Effect of salt concentration on intra cellular accumulation of lipids and triacylglyceride in marine micro algae Dunaliella cells. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 101(3): 223-226. DOI: 10.1263/jbb.101.223.
Tornabene TG, Holzer G, Lien S and Burris N. 1983. Lipid composition of the nitrogen starved green alga Neochloris oleoabundans. Enzyme Microbiology and Technology, 5: 435–440. DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(83)90026-1.
Venteris ER, Wigmosta MS, Coleman AM and Skaggs RL. 2014. Strain selection, biomass to biofuel conversion, and resource colocation have strong impacts on the economic performance of algae cultivation sites. Frontiers in Energy Research, 2(37): 1-6. DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2014.00037.
Yu ET, Zendejas FJ, Lane PD, Gaucher S, Simmons BA and Lane TW. 2009. Triacylglycerol accumulation and profiling in the model diatoms Thalassiosira pseudonana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Baccilariophyceae) during starvation. Journal of Applied Phycology, 21: 669–681. DOI: 10.1007/s10811-008-9400-y.
Zhu ID, Li ZH and Hiltunen E. 2016. Strategies for lipid production improvement in microalgae as a biodiesel feedstock. BioMed Research International, 2016: 1-8. DOI: 10.1155/2016/8792548.
Zienkiewicz K, Du ZY, Ma W, Vollheyde K and Benning C. 2016. Stress-induced neutral lipid biosynthesis in microalgae: molecular, cellular and physiological insights. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1861(9B): 1269–1281. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.02.008.
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