Evaluation of the antioxidant and phytochemical analysis of Tabon-tabon (Atuna racemosa Raf) methanol fruit extract
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Published
Apr 6, 2026
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Paolo Robert P. Bueno
Rachel Camille C. Elorde
Gracia Fe B. Yu
Abstract
Atuna racemosa Raf, locally known as “tabon-tabon” in the Philippines, is a fruit-bearing tree used as a souring agent for native Filipino dishes in Mindanao. Previous reports have shown its antimicrobial efficacy. However, limited studies have demonstrated its antioxidant potential. The study determined the phytochemical components of A. racemosa methanol fruit extract and evaluated its antioxidant profile using various in vitro systems. The antioxidant profile of A. racemosa methanol fruit extract was determined by radical scavenging (DPPH, superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical), reducing capacities (FRAP and MTT), and chelation activities. Methanol fruit extract of A. racemosa demonstrated a potent DPP radical inhibition comparable to ascorbic acid. It has also exhibited concentration- dependent hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and reducing power. However, low iron chelation and superoxide anion inhibition were observed, even at the highest concentration. Qualitative phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, steroids, terpenes/terpenoids, quinones, anthraquinones, flavonoids, phenolics, and tannin compounds, which may explain A. racemosa strong antioxidant behavior. These findings indicate that A. racemosa holds strong antioxidant potential, making it a vital natural antioxidant source that could be efficiently used in treating oxidative stress conditions.
How to Cite
Bueno, P. R. P., Elorde, R. C. C., & Yu, G. F. B. (2026). Evaluation of the antioxidant and phytochemical analysis of Tabon-tabon (Atuna racemosa Raf) methanol fruit extract. The Palawan Scientist, 18(1), 124–134. https://doi.org/10.69721/TPS.J.2026.18.1.13
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Keywords
DPPH radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical, metal chelation, reducing capacities, superoxide radical
References
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Brew-Daniels H, Harrison JJEK. 2025. A Review of the Ethnomedicine, Phytochemistry and Biological Activities of the Genus Parinari. Natural Product Communications. 20(2):1-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X251317831
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Bueno PR, Yu GF. 2021. Evaluation of antioxidant activity and phytochemicals of selected methanol rattan shoot extracts from Morong, Bataan. Philippine Journal of Health Research and Development. 5(2):20-30.
Buenz EJ, Tillner JE, Limburg P, Bauer BA. 2007. Antibacterial properties and toxicity of Atuna racemosa extract depend on kernel maturity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 111(3):592–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.01.020
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Gicole GJS, Petros GDT, Nuñeza OM, Uy MM. 2019. Phytochemical screening, DPPH radical scavenging activity and brine shrimp lethality of the leaf extracts of Atuna racemosa. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences. 8:76–80.
Gulcin İ, Alwasel SH. 2022. Metal Ions, Metal Chelators and Metal Chelating Assay as Antioxidant Method. Processes. 10(1):132. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10010132
Gulcin İ, Alwasel SH. 2023. DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay. Processes. 11(8):2248. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11082248
Gutiérrez-Del-Río I, López-Ibáñez S, Magadán-Corpas P, Fernández-Calleja L, Pérez-Valero Á, Tuñón-Granda M, Miguélez EM, Villar CJ, Lombó F. 2021. Terpenoids and polyphenols as natural antioxidant agents in food preservation. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland). 10(8):1264. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081264
Hassanpour SH, Doroudi A. 2023. Review of the antioxidant potential of flavonoids as a subgroup of polyphenols and partial substitute for synthetic antioxidants. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine. 13(4):354–376. https://doi.org/10.22038/AJP.2023.21774
Huang SK-H, Bueno PRP, Garcia PJB, Lee M.-J, De Castro-Cruz KA, Leron RB, Tsai P-W. 2023. Antioxidant, anti-Inflammatory and antiproliferative effects of Osmanthus fragrans (Thunb.) Lour. flower extracts. Plants. 12(17):3168. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173168
Hussain T, Tan B, Yin Y, Blachier F, Tossou MC, Rahu N. 2016. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: What Polyphenols Can Do for Us?. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2016:7432797. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7432797
Itam A, Wati MS, Agustin V, Sabri N, Jumanah RA, Efdi M. 2021. Comparative Study of Phytochemical, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Activities and Phenolic Content of Syzygium aqueum (Burm. f. Alston f.) Extracts Growing in West Sumatera Indonesia. The Scientific World Journal. 2021:5537597. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5537597
Jafri SAA, Khalid ZM, Khan MZ, Jogezai N. 2022. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant potential of various extracts from traditionally used medicinal plants of Pakistan. Open Chemistry. 20(1):1337–1356. https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0242
Juan CA, Pérez de la Lastra JM, Plou FJ, Pérez-Lebeña E. 2021. The chemistry of reactive oxygen species (ROS) revisited: Outlining their role in biological macromolecules (DNA, lipids and proteins) and induced pathologies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22(9):4642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094642
Kaseke T, Pfukwa T, Nxumalo K, and Shinga M, Opara U, Fawole. 2025. Parinari curatellifolia: A treasure trove of phytochemicals, nutritional benefits, and biological activities. Heliyon. 11:e41647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e41647
Kew Science. 2016. Chrysobalanaceae R.Br. Plants of the World Online. [accessed 2025 Sep 28] https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30007860-2
Khutami C, Sumiwi SA, Khairul Ikram NK, Muchtaridi M. 2022. The effects of antioxidants from natural products on obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes and their molecular signaling mechanism. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23(4):2056. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042056
Lee JE, Jayakody JTM, Kim JI, Jeong JW, Choi KM, Kim TS, Seo C, Azimi I, Hyun JM, Ryu BM. 2024. The Influence of Solvent Choice on the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Asteraceae: A Comparative Review. Foods. 13(19):3151. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13193151
Leite KCS, Garcia LF, Lobón GS, Thomaz DV, Moreno EKG, Carvalho MF, de Rocha ML, Santos WTP, Gil ES. 2018. Antioxidant activity evaluation of dried herbal extracts: an electroanalytical approach. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 28(3):325–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2018.04.004
Liu Y, Nair MG. 2010. An efficient and economical MTT assay for determining the antioxidant activity of plant natural product extracts and pure compounds. Journal of Natural Products. 73(7):1193-1195. https://doi.org/10.1021/np1000945
Luo M, Zhou L, Huang Z, Li B, Nice EC, Xu J, Huang C. 2022. Antioxidant therapy in cancer: Rationale and progress. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland). 11(6):1128. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061128
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