Original Article Vol. 18 No. 2 (2026): The Palawan Scientist pp. in press
Resistance to capitalist-oriented agrarian development: A case study of the “Matigsalug” in Mindanao, Philippines
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Angelo Lenard E. Yu
Crisanto H. Ecaldre
Nikodemus Niko
Abstract
For generations, “Matigsalug” traditional farming has been the foundation of sustainable development in their ancestral domain, sustaining livelihoods, preserving cultural traditions, and nurturing ecological wisdom in their farmlands. This study examines “Matigsalug” resistance to capitalist-oriented agrarian development, as evidenced by the proliferation of the Green Revolution in their farmlands. This qualitative study adopted a case study design combined with Indigenous methodologies, drawing on practices such as storytelling, visiting, and sharing circles to foreground participants’ self-determination, autonomy, and identity throughout the research process. The theoretical framework of Green Marxism was also used to critically analyze the voices, choices, and agency of the “Matigsalug” in their quest for indigeneity in their farmlands. The critical perspectives on “Matigsalug” farmland are as follows: (1) capitalist disempowerment of traditional farmers; (2) dependence on Westernized forms of development through the Green Revolution; (3) displacement due to unsustainable modern farming; (4) resistance to capitalist-oriented agricultural practices; (5) resistance through regenerative agriculture; and (6) resistance through the rejection of the Green Revolution. This study contributes to an understanding of the provenance of the “Matigsalug” ontology, epistemology, and axiology, enabling a deeper evaluation of reciprocity and relationality with the land. The indigenous worldview of the “Matigsalug” also conveys the cultural and emotional significance of their interactions with the environment, through which they develop meaning and identity. The study sheds light on the complex interplay among negotiated ecological spaces, traditional narratives, memories, and values associated with their farmland, offering valuable critical insights into their relationship with the land.
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Yu ALE, Ecaldre CH, Niko N, Mandanuay N. 2026. Resistance to capitalist-oriented agrarian development: A case study of the “Matigsalug” in Mindanao, Philippines. The Palawan Scientist. 18(2):in press. https://doi.org/10.69721/TPS.J.2026.18.2.09.
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References
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Ahmed SK, Mohammed RA, Nashwan AJ, Ibrahim RH, Abdalla AQ, Ameen BMM, Khdhir RM. 2025. Using thematic analysis in qualitative research. Journal of Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health. 6(5):100198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glmedi.2025.1001982
Altieri MA, Funes-Monzote FR, Petersen P. 2012. Agroecologically efficient agricultural systems for smallholder farmers: contributions to food sovereignty. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 32(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-011-0065-6
Amirthalingam K, Lakshmanb RWD. 2014. Impact of internal displacement on agricultural livelihoods: evidence from Sampur, SriLanka. Migration and Development. 4(1):143–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2014.969480
Armstrong M, Kimmerer RW, Vergun J. 2007. Education and research opportunities for traditional ecological knowledge. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 5(4):1-3. https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[w12:EAROFT]2.0.CO;2
Barney K. 2004. Re-encountering resistance: Plantation activism and smallholder production in Thailand and Sarawak, Malaysia. Asia Pacific Viewpoint. 45(3):325–339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8373.2004.t01-1-00244.x
Bauyot MFM, Villegas JP, Asaias VE. 2024. Gender roles of the Obu Manuvu women and leaders in the conservation of the Philippine Brown Deer Rusa marianna Desmarest, 1822. The Palawan Scientist. 16(2):47-56. https://doi.org/10.69721/TPS.J.2024.16.2.05
Bebbington A. 1993. Modernization from below: An alternative Indigenous development? Economic Geography. 69(3):274–292. https://doi.org/10.2307/143451
Bogdan R, Biklen SK. 2007. Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theories and Methods, Fifth Edition. Boston, Mass: Pearson.
Boxley S. 2022. Green Marxism. In: Encyclopaedia of Marxism and Education. BRILL. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004505612_019
Braun V, Clarke V. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology. 3(2):77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Burchell G, Gordon C, Miller P. 1991. The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality. University of Chicago Press. [accessed 2026 Sept 21]. http://www.bibliovault.org/BV.landing.epl?ISBN=9780226080451.
Campbell H. 2009. Breaking new ground in food regime theory: Corporate environmentalism, ecological feedbacks and the ‘food from somewhere’ regime? Agriculture and Human Values. 26:309–319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-009-9215-8
Carte L, Schmook B, Radel C, Johnson R. 2019. The slow displacement of smallholder farming families: Land, hunger, and labor migration in Nicaragua and Guatemala. Land. 8(6):89. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8060089
Castellano MB. 2008. Indigenous research. In: Given LM, editor. The SAGE encyclopedia of qualitative research methods. Thousand Oaks (CA): SAGE Publications, Inc. p. 425–429. [accessed 2026 Sep 23]. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412963909.n211
Castro T. 2012. Matigsalugs find link between farm technology, biodiversity, and survival. [accessed 2025 Jul 02. https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/finally-a-real-life-skill.
Celeste BLD, Condino MP, Dadang RJ, Amoroso VB. 2020. Forest care, interconnectivity and maintenance of ecological resources among the Manobo-Matigsalug people of the Southern Philippines. Environmental & Socio-economic Studies. 8(3):21–33. https://doi.org/10.2478/environ-2020-0015 1997.
Chan AS. 2021. Storytelling, Culture, and Indigenous Methodology. In: Discourses, Dialogue and Diversity in Biographical Research. Brill. p. 170–185. [accessed 2026 Sep 21]. https://brill.com/display/book/9789004465916/BP000023.xml.
Chambers R. 1997. Whose reality counts? Putting the first last. Intermediate Technology Publications, London.
Cleaver HM. 1972. The contradictions of the Green Revolution. American Economic Review. 62(1/2):177–186. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1821541
Creswell JW, Poth CN. 2018. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Fourth edition. Thousand Oaks (CA): SAGE Publications, Inc. [accessed 2026 Sep 21] https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/qualitative-inquiry-and-research-design/book246896.
Crisol LG, Oledan EJ. 2022. The infusion of folk Catholicism to Tambal Binisaya as an indigenous healing system in Iligan City. Recoletos Multidisciplinary Research Journal. 10(1):101–114. https://doi.org/10.32871/rmrj2210.01.07
Coburn E, editor. 2015. More will sing their way to freedom: indigenous resistance and resurgence. Halifax: Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing.
Daly BJ, Rosenfeld K. 2003. Maximizing benefits and minimizing risks in health services research near the end of life. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 25(4):S33–S42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-3924(03)00059-9
Fenelon JV, Hall TD. 2008. Revitalization and Indigenous resistance to globalization and neoliberalism. American Behavioral Scientist. 51(12):1867–1901. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764208318938
Folk M. 2024. Green capitalism won’t save Indigenous nations or Canadians. USURJ: University of Saskatchewan Undergraduate Research Journal. 9(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.32396/usurj.v9i1.691
Gascon MG. 2011. Traditional ecological knowledge system of the “Matigsalug” Tribe in mitigating the effects of dengue and malaria outbreak. Asian Journal of Health. 1(1):168–180. https://doi.org/10.7828/ajoh.v1i1.161
Gomes AG. 2004. Looking for money: capitalism and modernity in an Orang Asli village. Melbourne, Vic: Trans Pacific Press.
Hamadani H, Rashid SM, Parrah JD, Khan AA, Dar KA, Ganie AA, Gazal A, Dar RA, Ali A. 2021. Traditional Farming Practices and Its Consequences. In: Dar GH, Bhat RA, Mehmood MA, Hakeem KR, editors. Microbiota and Biofertilizers, Vol 2. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p. 119–128. [accessed 2026 Sep 21]. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61010-4_6
Hansen GE. 1972. Indonesia's Green Revolution: The abandonment of a non-market strategy toward change. Asian Survey. 12(11):932–946. https://doi.org/10.2307/2643114
Kumar P, Choudhury D. 2024. Role of indigenous knowledge in agricultural soil reclamation without disturbing other ecosystems. In: Bioremediation of Emerging Contaminants from Soils. Elsevier. p. 465–488. [accessed 2026 Oct 19]. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-13993-2.00021-9
Liu Y, Yamauchi F. 2014. Population density, migration, and the returns to human capital and land: Insights from Indonesia. Food Policy. 48:182–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.05.003
Macusi ES, Sales AC, Macusi ED, Bongas HP, Cayacay MA, Omandam JL, Schüler M, Vidal C. 2023. Indigenous knowledge systems and practices (IKSPs), livelihood resources and aspirations of the Matigsalog and Ata tribes. Sustainability. 15(14):11182. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411182
Mann M. 2000. Capitalism and the dis-empowerment of Canadian Aboriginal peoples. Journal of Aboriginal Economic Development. 1(2):46–54. https://doi.org/10.29173/jaed109
Marini RM. 2022. Dialectics of dependency. New York (NY): Monthly Review Press.
Morales H, Perfecto I, Ferguson B. 2001. Traditional fertilization and its effect on corn insect populations in the Guatemalan highlands. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 84(2):145–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00200-0
Nabigon H, Hagey R, Webster S, MacKay R. 1999. The learning circle as a research method: The Trickster and Windigo in research. Native Social Work Journal. 2(1):113–137.
Nagal CJC. 2025. Harvesting traditions: Exploring the indigenous agricultural knowledge systems in Java, Indonesia and Mindanao, Philippines. Millennial Asia. 09(2):72–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/09763996251327672
Na NS. 2015. Inventing seeds beyond neoliberalism? Small-scale farmers in a nexus of socio-environmental movements in Nan province, Northern Thailand. Thammasat Review. 17(1):92–121.
Nelson ARL, Ravichandran K, Antony U. 2019. The impact of the green revolution on indigenous crops of India. Journal of Ethnic Foods. 6:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42779-019-0011-9
Niko N. 2025. Indigenous women in the food chain system: the marginalization and alienation of indigenous knowledge on environmental management. Asian Politics & Policy. 17(2):e70014. https://doi.org/10.1111/aspp.70014
Nussbaum MC. 2011. Creating capabilities: the human development approach. Cambridge (MA): The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 256 p. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674061200
Ogundiwin BA. 2025. Community-owned farm settlement schemes: exploring an alternative agrarian spatial thought. Journal of Land and Rural Studies. 13(2):171–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/23210249251328767
Pfeiffer DA. 2006. Eating Fossil Fuels: Oil, Food, and the Coming Crisis in Agriculture. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers.
Prill-Brett J. 2015. Tradition and Transformation: Studies on Cordillera Indigenous Culture. Cordillera Studies Center, University of the Philippines Baguio.
Rodriguez-Tatel MJ. 2020. Ang kapwa sa pakikipagkuwentuhan: danas at repleksiyon sa metodolohiya ng katutubong pananaliksik sa ilang piling komunidad ng mga katutubo sa Mindanao. Talas: Interdisiplinaryong Journal sa Edukasyong Pangkultura. 5:151–201.
Rambukwella R, Priyankara EAC. 2016. Production and marketing of traditional rice varieties in selected districts in Sri Lanka: present status and future prospects. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute (Research report).
Roht-Arriaza N. 1996. Of seeds and shamans: the appropriation of the scientific and technical knowledge of indigenous and local communities. Michigan Journal of International Law. 17(4):919–965.
Saha M, Schmalzer S. 2016. Green-revolution epistemologies in China and India: technocracy and revolution in the production of scientific knowledge and peasant identity. British Journal for the History of Science Themes. 1:145–167. https://doi.org/10.1017/bjt.2016.2
Saito K. 2023. Marx in the Anthropocene: Towards the Idea of Degrowth Communism. 1st ed. Cambridge University Press. [accessed 2026 Oct 19]. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108933544
Schiller HI. 2019. Communication and Cultural Domination. 1st ed. Routledge. [accessed 2026 Oct 19]. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315179162
Shiva V. 1993. Monocultures of the Mind: Perspectives on Biodiversity and Biotechnology. Palgrave Macmillan.
Tuhiwai Smith L. 2021. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. Zed Books. [accessed 2026 Oct 19]. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350225282
Swastika DKS, Priyanti A, Hasibuan AM, Sahara D, Arya NN, Malik A, Ilham N, Sayekti AL, Triastono J, Asnawi R, and others. 2024. Pursuing circular economics through the integrated crop-livestock systems: an integrative review on practices, strategies and challenges post Green Revolution in Indonesia. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research. 18:101269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101269
Timms BF. 2017. The Political Economy of the Other World: Seeking Sustainable Development. In: The Other World. 10th ed. Routledge. 33 p.
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