Characterizing the online trade of live mammal species in the Philippines
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Aug 17, 2026
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Ariana Gabrielle B. Melgar
Emerson Y. Sy
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Mammals are a diverse group of vertebrates that occur in various habitats and play important ecological roles. This study provides the first quantitative assessment of the online live mammal trade in the country, based on surveys of 20 Philippine-based Facebook wildlife trade groups in 2022 and 2024. A total of 16 species were recorded, dominated by non-native species such as the Four-toed Hedgehog Atelerix albiventris and the Sugar Glider Petaurus breviceps. In addition, two novel species in the Philippine pet trade, namely the African Pygmy Dormouse Graphiurus murinus, and the Indomalayan Bamboo Rat Rhizomys sumatrensis, were documented. Native species comprised 7.35% of all individuals, but included taxa of conservation concern such as the Philippine Long-tailed Macaque Macaca fascicularis philippensis, the Leopard Cat Prionailurus bengalensis, and the Bearcat Arctictis binturong. Despite legal protection under Republic Act No. 9147, macaques and other wild-caught native species continue to be available in trade, indicating ongoing poaching and trafficking. The presence of the tiger Panthera tigris, a Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appendix I-listed species, highlights the demand for high-value wildlife for use as a status symbol. Ambiguities in Philippine laws regarding the classification of domesticated versus wildlife species complicate regulation and enforcement efforts. This study documents a dynamic live mammal trade that poses ecological, conservation, and regulatory challenges. Strengthened law enforcement, clearer legal definitions, and stronger inter-agency coordination are urgently needed to achieve more effective biodiversity conservation in the Philippines.
How to Cite
Melgar AGB, Sy EY. 2026. Characterizing the online trade of live mammal species in the Philippines. The Palawan Scientist. 18(2):in press. https://doi.org/10.69721/TPS.J.2026.18.2.02 .
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Keywords
e-commerce, invasive alien species, social media, wildlife trade, zoonotic disease
References
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Badihi G, Nielsen DRK, Garber PA, Gill M, Jones-Engel L, Maldonado AM, Dore KM, Cramer JD, Lappan S, Dolins F, and others. 2024. Perspectives on conservation impacts of the global primate trade. International Journal of Primatology. 45:972–999. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-024-00431-9
Bertolino S, Lurz PWW. 2022. Callosciurus squirrels: Worldwide introductions, ecological impacts and recommendations to prevent the establishment of new invasive populations. Mammal Review. 43(1):22–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00204.x
Borroto-Paez R. 2009. Invasive mammals in Cuba: an overview. Biological Invasions. 11:2279–2290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-008-9414-z
Bush ER, Baker SE, Macdonald DW. 2014. Global trade in exotic pets 2006–2012. Conservation Biology. 28(3):663–676. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12240
Campbell CD, Sarre SD, Stojanovic D, Gruber B, Medlock K, Harris S, MacDonald AJ, Holleley CE. 2018. When is a native species invasive? Incursion of a novel predatory marsupial detected using molecular and historical data. Diversity and Distributions. 24(6):831-840. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12717
Canlas CP, Sy EY, Chng S. 2017. A rapid survey of online trade in live birds and reptiles in the Philippines. TRAFFIC Bulletin. 29(2):58–63.
Cleaveland S, Laurenson MK, Taylor LH. 2001. Diseases of humans and their domestic mammals: pathogen characteristics, host range and the risk of emergence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 356(1411):991–999. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0889
Corlett RT, Lucas PW. 1990. Alternative seed-handling strategies in primates: seed-spitting by long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Oecologia. 82(2):166–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00323531
da Rosaa CA, Zennib R, Zillerc SR, Curib NDA, Passamani M. 2018. Assessing the risk of invasion of species in the pet trade in Brazil. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation. 16(1):38–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2017.09.005
Eger JL, Sedlock JL, Lim BK, Heaney LR. 2025. Systematics and biogeography of tube-nosed bats, Murina (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), from the Philippines with descriptions of six new species. Zootaxa. 5691(1):1–44. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5691.1.1
Engel GA, Jones-Engel L, Schillaci MA, Suaryana KG, Putra A, Fuentes A, Henkel R. 2002. Human exposure to herpesvirus B–seropositive macaques, Bali, Indonesia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8(8):789–795. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0808.010467
Fidelino, JS, Constantino RRP, Duya MRM. 2025. Cross-taxon congruence of terrestrial vertebrates across Philippine key biodiversity areas. Journal for Nature Conservation. 86:126907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2025.126907
Gippet JM, Bertelsmeier C. 2021. Invasiveness is linked to greater commercial success in the global pet trade. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118(14):e2016337118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2016337118
Gomez L, Sy EY. 2018. Illegal pangolin trade in the Philippines. TRAFFIC Bulletin. 30(1):37–40.
Gomez L, Sy EY, Shepherd CR. 2022. Evidence of illegal trade of the critically endangered Black Crested Macaque Macaca nigra from Indonesia to the Philippines. Asian Primates Journal. 10(1):24–32.
Hampson K, Dushoff J, Cleaveland S, Haydon DT, Kaare M, Packer C, Dobson A. 2009. Transmission dynamics and prospects for the elimination of canine rabies. PLoS Biology. 7(3):e1000053. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000053
Harrington LA, Auliya M, Eckman H, Harrington AP, Macdonald DW, D’Cruze N. 2021. Live wild animal exports to supply the exotic pet trade: a case study from Togo using publicly available social media data. Conservation Science and Practice. 3(7):e430. https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.430
Heaney LR, Balete DS, Duya MRM, Duya MV, Kyriazis CC, Rickart EA, Steppan SJ, Rowsey DM. 2025. Three new species of Philippine forest mice (Apomys, Muridae, Mammalia), members of a clade endemic to Mindoro Island. Zootaxa. 5647(1): 1–26. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5647.1.1
Heaney L. 2016. The Mammals of Luzon Island. Johns Hopkins University Press. [accessed 2026 Aug 12]. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/44856.
Heaney LR, Dolar ML, Balete DS, Esselstyn JA, Rickart EA, Sedlock JL. 2010. Synopsis of Philippine mammals. [accessed 2025 Sep 15] http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/philippine_mammals/
Iriarte JA, Jaksić FM. 1986. The fur trade in Chile: an overview of seventy-five years of export data (1910–1984). Biological Conservation. 38(3):243–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(86)90124-2
Lacher Jr TE, Davidson AD, Fleming TH, Gómez-Ruiz EP, McCracken GF, Owen-Smith N, Peres CA, Vander Wall SB. 2019. The functional roles of mammals in ecosystems. Journal of Mammalogy. 100(3): 942–964. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyy183
Lee RJ, Gorog AJ, Dwiyahreni A, Siwu S, Riley J, Alexander H. Paoli GD, Ramono W. 2005. Wildlife trade and implications for law enforcement in Indonesia: a case study from North Sulawesi. Biological Conservation. 123(4):477–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.01.009
MacBeath A, Haysom S, Sy E. 2022. Pillagers in paradise: the trafficking dynamics of the Palawan Pangolin. Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, Geneva, Switzerland. vi + 36 pp. [accessed 2025 Sep 15]. https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/trafficking-palawan-pangolin-philippines/
Mahmood T, Shah SMA, Rais M, Nadeem MS. 2011. An investigation of animal species trade at pet shops of Rawalpindi and Multan cities. Journal of Animal and Plant Science. 21(4):822–929.
Mammal Diversity Database. 2025. Mammal Diversity Database, Version 2.3 [accessed 2025 Sep 1]. https://www.mammaldiversity.org/
Mayuga JL. 2021. Invasive squirrels: cute and cuddly but serious threat to biodiversity. Business Mirror. [accessed 2025 Sep 1]. https://businessmirror.com.ph/2021/06/20/invasive-squirrels-cute-and-cuddly-but-serious-threat-to-biodiversity/
Mazzamuto MV, Wauters LA, Koprowski JL. 2021. Exotic pet trade as a cause of biological invasions: the case of tree squirrels of the genus Callosciurus. Biology. 10(10):1046. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10101046
Milner-Gulland EJ. 1991. The exploitation of certain large mammals for trade: the implications for management. Doctoral dissertation, Imperial College London, University of London, London, United Kingdom. 386 pp.
Miranda MEG, Yoshikawa Y, Manalo DL, Calaor AB, Miranda NLJ, Cho F, Ikegami, T, Ksiazek TG. 2002. Chronological and spatial analysis of the 1996 Ebola Reston virus outbreak in a monkey breeding facility in the Philippines. Experimental Animals. 51(2):173–179. https://doi.org/10.1538/expanim.51.173
Monoy C, Layusa CAA. 2021. Field guide to invasive alien species in the Philippines. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Quezon City. xiv + 79 pp.
Muyot, FB, Mutia MTM, Manejar AJA, Guirhem GL, Muñez MJ. 2019. Status of ornamental fish industry in the Philippines: prospects for development. Philippine Journal of Fisheries. 26(2):82–97. https://doi.org/10.31398/tpjf/26.2.2019A0011
Ojeda R, Mares MA. 1982. Conservation of South American Mammals: Argentina as a Paradigm. In: Mares Michel, Genoways H, editors. Mammalian biology in South America. The University of Pittsburgh. p. 505–521.
Raymundo JJG, Sy EY, Chng SCL. 2023. Farmers of the forest in cages: the online trade of hornbills in the Philippines. TRAFFIC, Southeast Asia Regional Office, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. [accessed 2025 Sep 1] https://www.traffic.org/publications/reports/forest-in-cages-the-online-trade-of-hornbills-in-the-philippines/
Republic Act No. 3639. 1929. An Act Creating the Bureau of Animal Industry; Defining Its Powers and Functions; Providing for Its Personnel; Making Appropriations for Its Organization and Operation; Changing the Name of the Bureau of Agriculture to Bureau of Plant Industry; and for Other Purposes. [accessed 2025 Sept 1]. https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/28/25165.
Republic Act No. 9147. 2001. Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act. [accessed 2025 Sept 1]. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2001/07/30/republic-act-no-9417/
Romagosa CM. 2015. Chapter 6. Contribution of the Live Animal Trade to Biological Invasions. In: Canning-Clode J, editor. Biological Invasions in Changing Ecosystems. De Gruyter Open. p. 116–134. [accessed 2025 Sept 1]. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110438666-010/html.
Seidensticker J, Suyono I. 1980. The Javan tiger and the Meru-Betiri Reserve : a plan for management. Indonesia: WWF International, IUCN, Indonesia, Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation, Van Tienhoven Foundation, NL. [accessed 2025 Sept 1]. https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/6178.
Shepherd CR, Sy EY. 2017. First record of international trafficking of Critically Endangered long-beaked echidnas (Zaglossus sp.). Journal of Indonesian Natural History. 5(1/2):22–26.
Shepherd CR, Sy EY, Janssen J, Morgan J. 2019. Protection from exploitation needed for the endemic Sulawesi Bear Cuscus Ailurops ursinus in Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Natural History. 6(2):30–35.
Shivaprakash KN, Sen S, Paul S, Kiesecker JM, Bawa KS. 2021. Mammals, wildlife trade, and the next global pandemic. Current Biology. 31(16):3671–3677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.006
Sy EY. 2014. Checklist of exotic species in the Philippine pet trade, I. Amphibians. Journal of Nature Studies. 13(1):48–57.
Sy EY. 2015a. Checklist of exotic species in the Philippine pet trade, II. Reptiles. Journal of Nature Studies. 14(1):66–93.
Sy EY. 2015b. Turtles and tortoises in the Philippine pet trade. Red Rhino Publishing, Manila, Philippines. p. 105.
Sy EY. 2018. Trading Faces: utilisation of Facebook to trade live reptiles in the Philippines. TRAFFIC, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. [accessed 2025 Sept 15]. https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/1754/20180119-facebook-reptile-trade-philippines.pdf
Sy EY, Krishnasamy K. 2020. Endangered by trade: the ongoing illegal pangolin trade in the Philippines. TRAFFIC, Southeast Asia Regional Office, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. [accessed 2025 Sept 15]. https://www.traffic.org/publications/reports/ongoing-illegal-pangolin-trade-in-the-philippines/
Sy EY, Lorenzo AN, II. 2020. The trade of live monitor lizards (Varanidae) in the Philippines. Biawak. 14(1&2):35–44.
Sy EY, Lorenzo AN, II. 2023a (2022). Online trade of live crocodilians in the Philippines. Journal of Nature Studies. 21(2):1–14.
Sy EY, Lorenzo AN, II. 2023b. Online trade of live freshwater turtles and tortoises in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Science. 152(6A): 2111–2128. https://doi.org/10.56899/152.6A.07
Sy EY, Melgar AGB. 2022. Status review of seahorse (Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) trafficking in the Philippines. The Palawan Scientist. 14(2):9–15. https://doi.org/10.69721/TPS.J.2022.14.2.02
Sy EY, Melgar AGB. 2025. Analysis of the international legal trade and domestic trafficking of Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis) in the Philippines. Journal of Nature Studies. 24(1): 1–14.
Sy EY, Raymundo JJG, Chng SCL. 2022. Farmed or poached? The trade of live Indonesian bird species in the Philippines. TRAFFIC, Southeast Asia Regional Office, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. [accessed 2025 Sept 15]. https://www.traffic.org/publications/reports/farmed-or-poached-the-trade-of-live-indonesian-bird-species-in-the-philippines/
Sy EY, Shepherd L. 2025. The trafficking of the endemic Visayan Rufous-headed Hornbill Rhabdotorrhinus waldeni and Visayan Tarictic Hornbill Penelopides panini in the Philippines. Hornbill Natural History & Conservation. 6:1–3.
Badihi G, Nielsen DRK, Garber PA, Gill M, Jones-Engel L, Maldonado AM, Dore KM, Cramer JD, Lappan S, Dolins F, and others. 2024. Perspectives on conservation impacts of the global primate trade. International Journal of Primatology. 45:972–999. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-024-00431-9
Bertolino S, Lurz PWW. 2022. Callosciurus squirrels: Worldwide introductions, ecological impacts and recommendations to prevent the establishment of new invasive populations. Mammal Review. 43(1):22–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00204.x
Borroto-Paez R. 2009. Invasive mammals in Cuba: an overview. Biological Invasions. 11:2279–2290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-008-9414-z
Bush ER, Baker SE, Macdonald DW. 2014. Global trade in exotic pets 2006–2012. Conservation Biology. 28(3):663–676. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12240
Campbell CD, Sarre SD, Stojanovic D, Gruber B, Medlock K, Harris S, MacDonald AJ, Holleley CE. 2018. When is a native species invasive? Incursion of a novel predatory marsupial detected using molecular and historical data. Diversity and Distributions. 24(6):831-840. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12717
Canlas CP, Sy EY, Chng S. 2017. A rapid survey of online trade in live birds and reptiles in the Philippines. TRAFFIC Bulletin. 29(2):58–63.
Cleaveland S, Laurenson MK, Taylor LH. 2001. Diseases of humans and their domestic mammals: pathogen characteristics, host range and the risk of emergence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 356(1411):991–999. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0889
Corlett RT, Lucas PW. 1990. Alternative seed-handling strategies in primates: seed-spitting by long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Oecologia. 82(2):166–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00323531
da Rosaa CA, Zennib R, Zillerc SR, Curib NDA, Passamani M. 2018. Assessing the risk of invasion of species in the pet trade in Brazil. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation. 16(1):38–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2017.09.005
Eger JL, Sedlock JL, Lim BK, Heaney LR. 2025. Systematics and biogeography of tube-nosed bats, Murina (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), from the Philippines with descriptions of six new species. Zootaxa. 5691(1):1–44. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5691.1.1
Engel GA, Jones-Engel L, Schillaci MA, Suaryana KG, Putra A, Fuentes A, Henkel R. 2002. Human exposure to herpesvirus B–seropositive macaques, Bali, Indonesia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8(8):789–795. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0808.010467
Fidelino, JS, Constantino RRP, Duya MRM. 2025. Cross-taxon congruence of terrestrial vertebrates across Philippine key biodiversity areas. Journal for Nature Conservation. 86:126907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2025.126907
Gippet JM, Bertelsmeier C. 2021. Invasiveness is linked to greater commercial success in the global pet trade. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118(14):e2016337118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2016337118
Gomez L, Sy EY. 2018. Illegal pangolin trade in the Philippines. TRAFFIC Bulletin. 30(1):37–40.
Gomez L, Sy EY, Shepherd CR. 2022. Evidence of illegal trade of the critically endangered Black Crested Macaque Macaca nigra from Indonesia to the Philippines. Asian Primates Journal. 10(1):24–32.
Hampson K, Dushoff J, Cleaveland S, Haydon DT, Kaare M, Packer C, Dobson A. 2009. Transmission dynamics and prospects for the elimination of canine rabies. PLoS Biology. 7(3):e1000053. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000053
Harrington LA, Auliya M, Eckman H, Harrington AP, Macdonald DW, D’Cruze N. 2021. Live wild animal exports to supply the exotic pet trade: a case study from Togo using publicly available social media data. Conservation Science and Practice. 3(7):e430. https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.430
Heaney LR, Balete DS, Duya MRM, Duya MV, Kyriazis CC, Rickart EA, Steppan SJ, Rowsey DM. 2025. Three new species of Philippine forest mice (Apomys, Muridae, Mammalia), members of a clade endemic to Mindoro Island. Zootaxa. 5647(1): 1–26. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5647.1.1
Heaney L. 2016. The Mammals of Luzon Island. Johns Hopkins University Press. [accessed 2026 Aug 12]. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/44856.
Heaney LR, Dolar ML, Balete DS, Esselstyn JA, Rickart EA, Sedlock JL. 2010. Synopsis of Philippine mammals. [accessed 2025 Sep 15] http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/philippine_mammals/
Iriarte JA, Jaksić FM. 1986. The fur trade in Chile: an overview of seventy-five years of export data (1910–1984). Biological Conservation. 38(3):243–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(86)90124-2
Lacher Jr TE, Davidson AD, Fleming TH, Gómez-Ruiz EP, McCracken GF, Owen-Smith N, Peres CA, Vander Wall SB. 2019. The functional roles of mammals in ecosystems. Journal of Mammalogy. 100(3): 942–964. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyy183
Lee RJ, Gorog AJ, Dwiyahreni A, Siwu S, Riley J, Alexander H. Paoli GD, Ramono W. 2005. Wildlife trade and implications for law enforcement in Indonesia: a case study from North Sulawesi. Biological Conservation. 123(4):477–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.01.009
MacBeath A, Haysom S, Sy E. 2022. Pillagers in paradise: the trafficking dynamics of the Palawan Pangolin. Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, Geneva, Switzerland. vi + 36 pp. [accessed 2025 Sep 15]. https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/trafficking-palawan-pangolin-philippines/
Mahmood T, Shah SMA, Rais M, Nadeem MS. 2011. An investigation of animal species trade at pet shops of Rawalpindi and Multan cities. Journal of Animal and Plant Science. 21(4):822–929.
Mammal Diversity Database. 2025. Mammal Diversity Database, Version 2.3 [accessed 2025 Sep 1]. https://www.mammaldiversity.org/
Mayuga JL. 2021. Invasive squirrels: cute and cuddly but serious threat to biodiversity. Business Mirror. [accessed 2025 Sep 1]. https://businessmirror.com.ph/2021/06/20/invasive-squirrels-cute-and-cuddly-but-serious-threat-to-biodiversity/
Mazzamuto MV, Wauters LA, Koprowski JL. 2021. Exotic pet trade as a cause of biological invasions: the case of tree squirrels of the genus Callosciurus. Biology. 10(10):1046. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10101046
Milner-Gulland EJ. 1991. The exploitation of certain large mammals for trade: the implications for management. Doctoral dissertation, Imperial College London, University of London, London, United Kingdom. 386 pp.
Miranda MEG, Yoshikawa Y, Manalo DL, Calaor AB, Miranda NLJ, Cho F, Ikegami, T, Ksiazek TG. 2002. Chronological and spatial analysis of the 1996 Ebola Reston virus outbreak in a monkey breeding facility in the Philippines. Experimental Animals. 51(2):173–179. https://doi.org/10.1538/expanim.51.173
Monoy C, Layusa CAA. 2021. Field guide to invasive alien species in the Philippines. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Quezon City. xiv + 79 pp.
Muyot, FB, Mutia MTM, Manejar AJA, Guirhem GL, Muñez MJ. 2019. Status of ornamental fish industry in the Philippines: prospects for development. Philippine Journal of Fisheries. 26(2):82–97. https://doi.org/10.31398/tpjf/26.2.2019A0011
Ojeda R, Mares MA. 1982. Conservation of South American Mammals: Argentina as a Paradigm. In: Mares Michel, Genoways H, editors. Mammalian biology in South America. The University of Pittsburgh. p. 505–521.
Raymundo JJG, Sy EY, Chng SCL. 2023. Farmers of the forest in cages: the online trade of hornbills in the Philippines. TRAFFIC, Southeast Asia Regional Office, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. [accessed 2025 Sep 1] https://www.traffic.org/publications/reports/forest-in-cages-the-online-trade-of-hornbills-in-the-philippines/
Republic Act No. 3639. 1929. An Act Creating the Bureau of Animal Industry; Defining Its Powers and Functions; Providing for Its Personnel; Making Appropriations for Its Organization and Operation; Changing the Name of the Bureau of Agriculture to Bureau of Plant Industry; and for Other Purposes. [accessed 2025 Sept 1]. https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/28/25165.
Republic Act No. 9147. 2001. Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act. [accessed 2025 Sept 1]. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2001/07/30/republic-act-no-9417/
Romagosa CM. 2015. Chapter 6. Contribution of the Live Animal Trade to Biological Invasions. In: Canning-Clode J, editor. Biological Invasions in Changing Ecosystems. De Gruyter Open. p. 116–134. [accessed 2025 Sept 1]. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110438666-010/html.
Seidensticker J, Suyono I. 1980. The Javan tiger and the Meru-Betiri Reserve : a plan for management. Indonesia: WWF International, IUCN, Indonesia, Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation, Van Tienhoven Foundation, NL. [accessed 2025 Sept 1]. https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/6178.
Shepherd CR, Sy EY. 2017. First record of international trafficking of Critically Endangered long-beaked echidnas (Zaglossus sp.). Journal of Indonesian Natural History. 5(1/2):22–26.
Shepherd CR, Sy EY, Janssen J, Morgan J. 2019. Protection from exploitation needed for the endemic Sulawesi Bear Cuscus Ailurops ursinus in Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Natural History. 6(2):30–35.
Shivaprakash KN, Sen S, Paul S, Kiesecker JM, Bawa KS. 2021. Mammals, wildlife trade, and the next global pandemic. Current Biology. 31(16):3671–3677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.006
Sy EY. 2014. Checklist of exotic species in the Philippine pet trade, I. Amphibians. Journal of Nature Studies. 13(1):48–57.
Sy EY. 2015a. Checklist of exotic species in the Philippine pet trade, II. Reptiles. Journal of Nature Studies. 14(1):66–93.
Sy EY. 2015b. Turtles and tortoises in the Philippine pet trade. Red Rhino Publishing, Manila, Philippines. p. 105.
Sy EY. 2018. Trading Faces: utilisation of Facebook to trade live reptiles in the Philippines. TRAFFIC, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. [accessed 2025 Sept 15]. https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/1754/20180119-facebook-reptile-trade-philippines.pdf
Sy EY, Krishnasamy K. 2020. Endangered by trade: the ongoing illegal pangolin trade in the Philippines. TRAFFIC, Southeast Asia Regional Office, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. [accessed 2025 Sept 15]. https://www.traffic.org/publications/reports/ongoing-illegal-pangolin-trade-in-the-philippines/
Sy EY, Lorenzo AN, II. 2020. The trade of live monitor lizards (Varanidae) in the Philippines. Biawak. 14(1&2):35–44.
Sy EY, Lorenzo AN, II. 2023a (2022). Online trade of live crocodilians in the Philippines. Journal of Nature Studies. 21(2):1–14.
Sy EY, Lorenzo AN, II. 2023b. Online trade of live freshwater turtles and tortoises in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Science. 152(6A): 2111–2128. https://doi.org/10.56899/152.6A.07
Sy EY, Melgar AGB. 2022. Status review of seahorse (Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) trafficking in the Philippines. The Palawan Scientist. 14(2):9–15. https://doi.org/10.69721/TPS.J.2022.14.2.02
Sy EY, Melgar AGB. 2025. Analysis of the international legal trade and domestic trafficking of Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis) in the Philippines. Journal of Nature Studies. 24(1): 1–14.
Sy EY, Raymundo JJG, Chng SCL. 2022. Farmed or poached? The trade of live Indonesian bird species in the Philippines. TRAFFIC, Southeast Asia Regional Office, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. [accessed 2025 Sept 15]. https://www.traffic.org/publications/reports/farmed-or-poached-the-trade-of-live-indonesian-bird-species-in-the-philippines/
Sy EY, Shepherd L. 2025. The trafficking of the endemic Visayan Rufous-headed Hornbill Rhabdotorrhinus waldeni and Visayan Tarictic Hornbill Penelopides panini in the Philippines. Hornbill Natural History & Conservation. 6:1–3.
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