Backyard farming of tilapia using a biofloc-based culture system
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Jul 22, 2019
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Abstract
The pressures brought about by the increase in human population resulted in the rapid expansion of the food production industries including aquaculture to provide the nutritional requirements of the growing population. As aquaculture operations intensify, there is also an urgent need to preserve the environment; hence, all activities must be carried out in a sustainable way. The use of the biofloc technology (BFT) in aquaculture addresses these issues on restrictions on the usage of water and land as well as matters concerning sustainability of the production. BFT is a technique that maintains optimum water quality in the aquaculture system by manipulating the carbon and nitrogen ratios in the system. This optimum ratio favors the growth of heterotrophic bacteria that contribute in maintaining good water quality and at the same time provide sources of natural food for the cultured fish or crustaceans. In this review, the mechanisms of the biofloc technology particularly in the production of tilapia in freshwater systems are discussed. Moreover, some of the intrinsic advantages of this technology are highlighted in the context of developing and supporting backyard aquaculture of freshwater tilapias as a means of providing the food demands of the population in rural communities and as source of income for the marginalized small-scale fish farmers.
How to Cite
Caipang CMA, Avillanosa AL. 2019. Backyard farming of tilapia using a biofloc-based culture system. The Palawan Scientist. 11:1–16. https://doi.org/10.69721/TPS.J.2019.11.1.01.
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Keywords
BFT, fish farming, small-scale aquaculture, sustainable technology
References
Andretto AP, Lösch JA, Goncalves GA, Fuzinatto MM, de Lima DP, Braccini GL, Filho LA, Canan C, Peralta RM and Vargas L. 2014.
Assessment of the oxidative state, related parameters and quality of muscle tissue in Nile tilapia with the application of homeopathic product Homeopatila 100® in high-density cages. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 9: 279–286.
Asaduzzaman M, Rahman MM, Azim ME, Ashraful Islam M, Wahab MA, Verdegem MCJ and Verreth JAJ. 2010. Effects of C/N ratio and substrate addition on natural food communities in freshwater prawn monoculture ponds. Aquaculture, 306: 127–136.
Avnimelech Y. 1999. Carbon and nitrogen ratio as a control element in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture, 176: 227–235.
Avnimelech Y. 2007. Feeding with microbial flocs by tilapia in minimal discharge bioflocs technology ponds. Aquaculture, 264: 140–147.
Avnimelech Y. 2015. Biofloc Technology – A Practical Guide Book. 3rd ed. The World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States. 258 pp.
Avnimelech Y and Mokady S. 1988. Protein Biosynthesis in Circulated Fishponds. In: Pullin RSV, Bhukaswan T, Tonguthai K and Maclean JL (eds). ICLARM, 2nd International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, Bangkok, 16-20 March 1987. ICLARM, Manila, Philippines, pp. 301- 309.
Avnimelech Y, Mokady S and Schroeder GL. 1989. Circulated ponds as efficient bioreactors for single cell protein production. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture, 41: 58–66.
Azim ME and Little DC. 2008. The biofloc technology (BFT) in indoor tanks: water quality, biofloc composition, and growth and welfare of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 283: 29-35.
Bachère E. 2000. Introduction: shrimp immunity and disease control. Aquaculture, 191: 3–11.
Boyd C. 2004. Farm-level issues in aquaculture certification: Tilapia, Report commissioned by WWF-US. Auburn University, Alabama, USA. 29 pp.
Burford MA, Thompson PJ, McIntosh RP, Bauman RH and Pearson DC. 2004. The contribution of flocculated material to shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) nutrition in a high-intensity, zero exchange system. Aquaculture, 232: 525–537.
Caipang CMA, Choo HX, Bai Z, Huang H and Lay-yag CM. 2015. Viability of sweet potato flour as carbon source for the production of biofloc in freshwater culture of tilapia, Oreochromis sp. International Aquatic Research, 7: 329-336. DOI: 10.1007/s40071-015-0117-7.
Chen QL, Zhang RJ, Wang YH, Zhao YZ, Chen JH, Zhang HH, Tian XY and Qin LY. 2015. The effect of biofloc technology on nursery system of Litopenaeus vannamei. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 737: 358–361.
Choo HX and Caipang CMA. 2015. Biofloc technology (BFT) and its application towards improved production in freshwater tilapia culture. AACL Bioflux, 8: 362-366.
Crab R, Chielens B, Wille M, Bossier P and Verstraete W. 2010. The effect of different carbon sources on the nutritional value of bioflocs, a feed for Macrobrachium rosenbergii postlarvae. Aquaculture Research, 41: 559-567.
Crab R, Defoirdt T, Bossier P and Verstraete W. 2012. Biofloc technology in aquaculture: beneficial effects and future challenges. Aquaculture, 356-357: 351-356.
Cuzon G, Lawrence A, Gaxiola G, Rosas C and Guillaume J. 2004. Nutrition of Litopenaeus vannamei reared in tanks or in ponds. Aquaculture, 235: 513-551.
De Schryver P, Crab R, Defoirdt T, Boon N and Verstraete W. 2008. The basics of bioflocs technology: the added value for aquaculture. Aquaculture, 277: 125-137.
Ekasari J, Azhar M, Surawidjaja E and Nuryati S. 2014. Immune response and disease resistance of shrimp fed biofloc grown on different carbon sources. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 41: 332–339.
El-Sayed AFM. 2013. An overview of aquaculture in Egypt with focus on tilapia culture. Presented at the 11th conference of the aquaculture association of Southern Africa, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 9-13 September 2013.
Emerenciano M, Ballester El, Cavalli RO and Wasielesky W. 2011. Effect of biofloc technology (BFT) on the early post larval stage of pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis: growth performance, floc composition and salinity stress tolerance. Aquaculture International, 19: 891-901.
Emerenciano M, Cuzon G, Goguenheim J, Gaxiola G and AQUACOP. 2012a. Floc contribution on spawning performance of blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris. Aquaculture Research, 44: 75–85.
Emerenciano M, Ballester ELC, Cavalli RO and Wasielesky W. 2012b. Biofloc technology application as a food source in a limited water exchange nursery system for pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis (Latreille, 1817). Aquaculture Research, 43: 447-457.
Emerenciano M, Gaxiola G and Cuzon G. 2013. Biofloc Technology (BFT): A Review for Aquaculture Application and Animal Food Industry. In: Matovic MD (ed). Biomass now – Cultivation and Utilization. InTech, Queen’s University, Belfast, Canada, pp. 301–328.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2014. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014. Opportunities and Challenges. FAO, Rome, Italy. 223pp.
Fitzsimmons K, Martinez-Garcia R and Gonzalez-Alanis P. 2011. Why tilapia is becoming the most important food fish on the planet. In: Liping L and Fitzsimmons K (eds). Better Science, Better Fish, Better Life. 9th International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, Shanghai, 22-24 April 2011, pp. 9-18.
Green BW, Schrader KK and Perschbacher PW. 2014. Effect of stocking biomass on solids, phytoplankton communities, common off-flavors, and production parameters in a Channel Catfish biofloc technology production system. Aquaculture Research, 45: 1442–1458.
Hargreaves JA. 2006. Photosynthetic suspended growth systems in aquaculture. Aquacultural Engineering, 34: 344-363.
Hargreaves JA. 2013. Biofloc production systems for aquaculture. SRAC Publication number 4503. 12pp.
Hari B, Kuru BM, Varghese JT, Schrama JW and Verdegem MCJ. 2004. Effects of carbohydrate addition on production in extensive shrimp culture systems. Aquaculture, 241: 179–194.
Jamandre WE, Hatch U, Bolivar RB, Borski R. 2011. Improving the Supply Chain of Tilapia Industry in the Philippines. In: Liping L, Fitzsimmons K (eds). Better Science, Better Fish, Better Life. 9th international symposium on tilapia in aquaculture, Shanghai, 22-24 April 2011, pp. 153 – 174.
López-Elías JA, Moreno-Arias A, Miranda-Baeza A, Martinez-Cordova LR, Rivas-Vega ME and Marquez-Rios E. 2015. Proximate composition of bioflocs in culture systems containing hybrid Red tilapia fed diets with varying levels of vegetable meal inclusion. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 77: 102–109.
Luo GZ, Gao Q, Wang CH, Liu WC, Sun DC, Li L, Tan HX. 2014. Growth, digestive activity, welfare, and partial cost-effectiveness of genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in a recirculating aquaculture system and an indoor biofloc system. Aquaculture, 422-423: 1-7.
Mathias J. 1998. Integrated Fish Farming in the Context of World Food Security. In: Mathias JA, Charles AT and Hu B (eds). Proceedings of a Workshop on Integrated Fish Farming held in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China. October 11-15, 1994. CRC Press. Boca Raton, New York, pp. 3-18.
Matte R. 2019. Analysis of the East African community integration process as an opportunity for Uganda’s medium-to-long-term development. Economics, Law and Policy, 2: 12-54.
Michaud L, Blancheton JP, Bruni V and Piedrahita R. 2006. Effect of particulate organic carbon on heterotrophic bacterial populations and nitrification efficiency in biological filters. Aquaculture Engineering, 34: 224–233.
Milstein A, Avnimelech Y, Zoran M and Joseph D. 2001. Growth performance of hybrid bass and hybrid tilapia in conventional and active suspension intensive ponds. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh, 53: 147– 157.
Njiru M, Okeyo-Owuor JB, Muchiri M and Cowx IG. 2004. Shifts in the food of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) in Lake Victoria, Kenya. African Journal of Ecology, 42: 163–170.
Pérez-Rostro CI, Pérez-Fuentes JA and Hernández-Vergara MP. 2014. Biofloc, a Technical Alternative for Culturing Malaysian prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. In: Hernandez-Vergara MP (ed). Sustainable Aquaculture Techniques. InTech. DOI: 10.5772/57501.
Popma TJ and Lovshin LL. 1996. Worldwide Prospects for Commercial Production of Tilapia. In: Research and Development Series 41, International Centre for Aquaculture and Aquatic Environments, Auburn University, Alabama, pp. 1 – 42.
Rathore SS, Yusufzai SI and Katira NN. 2016. Biofloc technology – the futuristic technology for improving the ecological and economic sustainability of aquaculture. Life Sciences International Research Journal, 3: 29-32.
Serfling SA. 2006. Microbial flocs: natural treatment method supports freshwater, marine species in recirculating systems. Global Aquaculture Advocate, pp. 34–36.
Shourbela RM, El-Kholya SZ and El-Fadadney M. 2017. Consequences of high-density fish culture as monitored by growth, behavior and immune responses of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 53: 45-53.
Widanarni W, Ekasari J and Maryam S. 2012. Evaluation of biofloc technology application on water quality and production performance of red tilapia Oreochromis sp. cultured at different stocking densities. Hayati Journal of Biosciences, 19: 73–80.
Xu W-J, Pan L-Q, Zhao D-H and Huang J. 2012. Preliminary investigation into the contribution of bioflocs on protein nutrition of Litopenaeus vannamei fed with different dietary protein levels in zero-water exchange culture tanks. Aquaculture, 350– 353: 147–153.
Assessment of the oxidative state, related parameters and quality of muscle tissue in Nile tilapia with the application of homeopathic product Homeopatila 100® in high-density cages. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 9: 279–286.
Asaduzzaman M, Rahman MM, Azim ME, Ashraful Islam M, Wahab MA, Verdegem MCJ and Verreth JAJ. 2010. Effects of C/N ratio and substrate addition on natural food communities in freshwater prawn monoculture ponds. Aquaculture, 306: 127–136.
Avnimelech Y. 1999. Carbon and nitrogen ratio as a control element in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture, 176: 227–235.
Avnimelech Y. 2007. Feeding with microbial flocs by tilapia in minimal discharge bioflocs technology ponds. Aquaculture, 264: 140–147.
Avnimelech Y. 2015. Biofloc Technology – A Practical Guide Book. 3rd ed. The World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States. 258 pp.
Avnimelech Y and Mokady S. 1988. Protein Biosynthesis in Circulated Fishponds. In: Pullin RSV, Bhukaswan T, Tonguthai K and Maclean JL (eds). ICLARM, 2nd International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, Bangkok, 16-20 March 1987. ICLARM, Manila, Philippines, pp. 301- 309.
Avnimelech Y, Mokady S and Schroeder GL. 1989. Circulated ponds as efficient bioreactors for single cell protein production. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture, 41: 58–66.
Azim ME and Little DC. 2008. The biofloc technology (BFT) in indoor tanks: water quality, biofloc composition, and growth and welfare of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 283: 29-35.
Bachère E. 2000. Introduction: shrimp immunity and disease control. Aquaculture, 191: 3–11.
Boyd C. 2004. Farm-level issues in aquaculture certification: Tilapia, Report commissioned by WWF-US. Auburn University, Alabama, USA. 29 pp.
Burford MA, Thompson PJ, McIntosh RP, Bauman RH and Pearson DC. 2004. The contribution of flocculated material to shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) nutrition in a high-intensity, zero exchange system. Aquaculture, 232: 525–537.
Caipang CMA, Choo HX, Bai Z, Huang H and Lay-yag CM. 2015. Viability of sweet potato flour as carbon source for the production of biofloc in freshwater culture of tilapia, Oreochromis sp. International Aquatic Research, 7: 329-336. DOI: 10.1007/s40071-015-0117-7.
Chen QL, Zhang RJ, Wang YH, Zhao YZ, Chen JH, Zhang HH, Tian XY and Qin LY. 2015. The effect of biofloc technology on nursery system of Litopenaeus vannamei. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 737: 358–361.
Choo HX and Caipang CMA. 2015. Biofloc technology (BFT) and its application towards improved production in freshwater tilapia culture. AACL Bioflux, 8: 362-366.
Crab R, Chielens B, Wille M, Bossier P and Verstraete W. 2010. The effect of different carbon sources on the nutritional value of bioflocs, a feed for Macrobrachium rosenbergii postlarvae. Aquaculture Research, 41: 559-567.
Crab R, Defoirdt T, Bossier P and Verstraete W. 2012. Biofloc technology in aquaculture: beneficial effects and future challenges. Aquaculture, 356-357: 351-356.
Cuzon G, Lawrence A, Gaxiola G, Rosas C and Guillaume J. 2004. Nutrition of Litopenaeus vannamei reared in tanks or in ponds. Aquaculture, 235: 513-551.
De Schryver P, Crab R, Defoirdt T, Boon N and Verstraete W. 2008. The basics of bioflocs technology: the added value for aquaculture. Aquaculture, 277: 125-137.
Ekasari J, Azhar M, Surawidjaja E and Nuryati S. 2014. Immune response and disease resistance of shrimp fed biofloc grown on different carbon sources. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 41: 332–339.
El-Sayed AFM. 2013. An overview of aquaculture in Egypt with focus on tilapia culture. Presented at the 11th conference of the aquaculture association of Southern Africa, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 9-13 September 2013.
Emerenciano M, Ballester El, Cavalli RO and Wasielesky W. 2011. Effect of biofloc technology (BFT) on the early post larval stage of pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis: growth performance, floc composition and salinity stress tolerance. Aquaculture International, 19: 891-901.
Emerenciano M, Cuzon G, Goguenheim J, Gaxiola G and AQUACOP. 2012a. Floc contribution on spawning performance of blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris. Aquaculture Research, 44: 75–85.
Emerenciano M, Ballester ELC, Cavalli RO and Wasielesky W. 2012b. Biofloc technology application as a food source in a limited water exchange nursery system for pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis (Latreille, 1817). Aquaculture Research, 43: 447-457.
Emerenciano M, Gaxiola G and Cuzon G. 2013. Biofloc Technology (BFT): A Review for Aquaculture Application and Animal Food Industry. In: Matovic MD (ed). Biomass now – Cultivation and Utilization. InTech, Queen’s University, Belfast, Canada, pp. 301–328.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2014. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014. Opportunities and Challenges. FAO, Rome, Italy. 223pp.
Fitzsimmons K, Martinez-Garcia R and Gonzalez-Alanis P. 2011. Why tilapia is becoming the most important food fish on the planet. In: Liping L and Fitzsimmons K (eds). Better Science, Better Fish, Better Life. 9th International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, Shanghai, 22-24 April 2011, pp. 9-18.
Green BW, Schrader KK and Perschbacher PW. 2014. Effect of stocking biomass on solids, phytoplankton communities, common off-flavors, and production parameters in a Channel Catfish biofloc technology production system. Aquaculture Research, 45: 1442–1458.
Hargreaves JA. 2006. Photosynthetic suspended growth systems in aquaculture. Aquacultural Engineering, 34: 344-363.
Hargreaves JA. 2013. Biofloc production systems for aquaculture. SRAC Publication number 4503. 12pp.
Hari B, Kuru BM, Varghese JT, Schrama JW and Verdegem MCJ. 2004. Effects of carbohydrate addition on production in extensive shrimp culture systems. Aquaculture, 241: 179–194.
Jamandre WE, Hatch U, Bolivar RB, Borski R. 2011. Improving the Supply Chain of Tilapia Industry in the Philippines. In: Liping L, Fitzsimmons K (eds). Better Science, Better Fish, Better Life. 9th international symposium on tilapia in aquaculture, Shanghai, 22-24 April 2011, pp. 153 – 174.
López-Elías JA, Moreno-Arias A, Miranda-Baeza A, Martinez-Cordova LR, Rivas-Vega ME and Marquez-Rios E. 2015. Proximate composition of bioflocs in culture systems containing hybrid Red tilapia fed diets with varying levels of vegetable meal inclusion. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 77: 102–109.
Luo GZ, Gao Q, Wang CH, Liu WC, Sun DC, Li L, Tan HX. 2014. Growth, digestive activity, welfare, and partial cost-effectiveness of genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in a recirculating aquaculture system and an indoor biofloc system. Aquaculture, 422-423: 1-7.
Mathias J. 1998. Integrated Fish Farming in the Context of World Food Security. In: Mathias JA, Charles AT and Hu B (eds). Proceedings of a Workshop on Integrated Fish Farming held in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China. October 11-15, 1994. CRC Press. Boca Raton, New York, pp. 3-18.
Matte R. 2019. Analysis of the East African community integration process as an opportunity for Uganda’s medium-to-long-term development. Economics, Law and Policy, 2: 12-54.
Michaud L, Blancheton JP, Bruni V and Piedrahita R. 2006. Effect of particulate organic carbon on heterotrophic bacterial populations and nitrification efficiency in biological filters. Aquaculture Engineering, 34: 224–233.
Milstein A, Avnimelech Y, Zoran M and Joseph D. 2001. Growth performance of hybrid bass and hybrid tilapia in conventional and active suspension intensive ponds. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh, 53: 147– 157.
Njiru M, Okeyo-Owuor JB, Muchiri M and Cowx IG. 2004. Shifts in the food of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) in Lake Victoria, Kenya. African Journal of Ecology, 42: 163–170.
Pérez-Rostro CI, Pérez-Fuentes JA and Hernández-Vergara MP. 2014. Biofloc, a Technical Alternative for Culturing Malaysian prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. In: Hernandez-Vergara MP (ed). Sustainable Aquaculture Techniques. InTech. DOI: 10.5772/57501.
Popma TJ and Lovshin LL. 1996. Worldwide Prospects for Commercial Production of Tilapia. In: Research and Development Series 41, International Centre for Aquaculture and Aquatic Environments, Auburn University, Alabama, pp. 1 – 42.
Rathore SS, Yusufzai SI and Katira NN. 2016. Biofloc technology – the futuristic technology for improving the ecological and economic sustainability of aquaculture. Life Sciences International Research Journal, 3: 29-32.
Serfling SA. 2006. Microbial flocs: natural treatment method supports freshwater, marine species in recirculating systems. Global Aquaculture Advocate, pp. 34–36.
Shourbela RM, El-Kholya SZ and El-Fadadney M. 2017. Consequences of high-density fish culture as monitored by growth, behavior and immune responses of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 53: 45-53.
Widanarni W, Ekasari J and Maryam S. 2012. Evaluation of biofloc technology application on water quality and production performance of red tilapia Oreochromis sp. cultured at different stocking densities. Hayati Journal of Biosciences, 19: 73–80.
Xu W-J, Pan L-Q, Zhao D-H and Huang J. 2012. Preliminary investigation into the contribution of bioflocs on protein nutrition of Litopenaeus vannamei fed with different dietary protein levels in zero-water exchange culture tanks. Aquaculture, 350– 353: 147–153.
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