Efficient degradation of aniline yellowdye using photo-Fenton advancedoxidation process: Optimization viacentral composite design
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Published
Jun 26, 2025
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Ethel Grace P. Mohammad
Michie C. Mahino
Jennelyn G. Mayormita
Gizabelle E. Zayas
Shaira R. Anaya
Val Irvin F. Mabayo
Renato O. Arazo
Abstract
Dyes are the coloring agents considered pollutants when combined in water bodies. This study used the photo-Fenton process, one of the advanced oxidation processes, to degrade aniline yellow dye (AYD). It is a primary dye that blends with any color, creating other shades of dye. Operating variables, namely initial concentration, contact time, and pH were studied in the degradation of AYD pollutants. A central composite design was applied to acquire the optimum conditions of these independent variables, resulting in the AYD degradation and eliminating up to 94.00% at pH 5 and an initial AYD concentration of 35 ppm. The removal efficiency of FeCl3 resulted in an AYD removal of 2.03 mg per gram of FeCl3 . The pseudo-first kinetic model best explained the mechanism of degradation and removal of AYD in aqueous solution. The results of the study showed that the photo-Fenton process using UV light from fluorescent lamp and Fenton’s reagents (H2O2 and FeCl3) effectively degraded AYD in water.
How to Cite
Mohammad EGP, Mahino MC, Mayormita JG, Zayas GE, Anaya SR, Mabayo VIF, Arazo RO. 2025. Efficient degradation of aniline yellowdye using photo-Fenton advancedoxidation process: Optimization viacentral composite design. The Palawan Scientist. 17(2):33–42. https://doi.org/10.69721/TPS.J.2025.17.2.04.
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Keywords
advanced oxidation process(AOP), dye removal, photocatalysis, pollutant removal, wastewater treatment
References
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Genesiran DSC, Jarena LJM, Miyake RD and Pacquiao MR. 2015. Degradation of methylene blue dye (MBD) using photo-Fenton advanced oxidation process. BS in Environmental Engineering. Misamis Oriental State College of Agriculture and Technology. 85pp.
Giwa A, Yusuf A, Balogun HA, Sambudi NS, Bilad MR, Adeyemi I, Chakraborty S and Curcio S. 2021. Recent advances in advanced oxidation processes for removal of contaminants from water: A comprehensive review. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 146: 220–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.08.015
He J, Tao X, Ma W and Zhao J. 2002. Heterogeneous photo-Fenton degradation of an azo dye in aqueous H2O2/iron oxide dispersions at neutral pHs. Chemistry Letters, 31(1): 86–87. https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.2002.86
Kakodia AK, Gurjar L, Ameta SC and Sharma BK. 2013. Photodegradation of Acid Violet 90 in aqueous solution by Photo-Fenton reagent. International Journal of Chemical Sciences, 11(2): 855–864.
Khan J, Sayed M, Ali F and Khan HM. 2018. Removal of Acid Yellow 17 Dye by Fenton Oxidation Process. Zeitschrift Fur Physikalische Chemie, 232(4), 507–525. https://doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2017-1072
Kumari P and Kumar A. 2023. Advanced Oxidation Process: A remediation technique for organic and non-biodegradable pollutant. Results in Surfaces and Interfaces, 11: 100122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsurfi.2023.100122
Lucas MS and Peres JA. 2006. Decolorization of the azo dye Reactive Black 5 by Fenton and photo-Fenton oxidation. Dyes and Pigments, 71(3): 236–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2005.07.007
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Macías-Sánchez J, Hinojosa-Reyes L, Guzmán-Mar JL, Peralta-Hernández JM and Hernández-Ramírez A. 2011. Performance of the photo-Fenton process in the degradation of a model azo dye mixture. Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, 10(3): 332–337. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0pp00158a
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Nawaz M, Shahzad A, Tahir K, Kim J, Moztahida M, Jang J, Alam MB, Lee SH, Jung HY and Lee DS. 2020. Photo-Fenton reaction for the degradation of sulfamethoxazole using a multi-walled carbon nanotube-NiFe2O4 composite. Chemical Engineering Journal, 382: 123053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123053
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O’Dowd K and Pillai SC. 2020. Photo-Fenton disinfection at near neutral pH: Process, parameter optimization and recent advances. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 8(5): 104063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104063
Pagalan Jr E, Sebron M, Gomez S, Salva SJ, Ampusta R, Macarayo AJ, Joyno C, Ido A and Arazo R. 2020. Activated carbon from spent coffee grounds as an adsorbent for treatment of water contaminated by aniline yellow dye. Industrial Crops and Products, 145: 111953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111953
Pandis PK, Kalogirou C, Kanellou E, Vaitsis C, Savvidou MG, Sourkouni G, Zorpas AA and Argirusis C. 2022. Key Points of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for Wastewater, Organic Pollutants and Pharmaceutical Waste Treatment: A Mini Review. ChemEngineering, 6(1): 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering6010008
Shalini and Setty YP. 2022. Fenton/Photo-Fenton processes for wastewater treatment and disinfection. In: Mungray A, Mungray A, Sonawane S and Sonawane S (eds). Novel Approaches towards Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery Technologies. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 241–252.
Shaltout WA, El-Naggar GA, Esmail G and Hassan AF. 2024. Synthesis and characterization of ferric@nanocellulose/nanohydroxyapatite bio-composite based on sea scallop shells and cotton stalks: adsorption of Safranin-O dye. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 14(4): 4759–4776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02753-1
Sriprom P, Champa V, Kitchaiya P and Assawasaengrat P. 2018. Optimizing Decolorization Efficiency of Methylene Blue by Photo-Fenton Process over Fe-Diatomite using Central Composite Design. Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 43: 409-414. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64235-6.50074-7
Su X, Wang X, Ge Z, Bao Z, Lin L, Chen Y, Dai W, Sun Y, Yuan H, Yang W et al. 2024. Koh-activated biochar and chitosan composites for efficient adsorption of industrial dye pollutants. Chemical Engineering Journal, 486: 150387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.150387
Vaez M, Moghaddam AZ and Alijani S. 2012. Optimization and modeling of photocatalytic degradation of azo dye using a response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design with immobilized Titania nanoparticles. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 51(11): 4199–4207. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie202809w
Chaturvedi NK. 2022. Comparison of available treatment techniques for hazardous aniline-based organic contaminants. Applied Water Science, 12: 173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01695-3
Genesiran DSC, Jarena LJM, Miyake RD and Pacquiao MR. 2015. Degradation of methylene blue dye (MBD) using photo-Fenton advanced oxidation process. BS in Environmental Engineering. Misamis Oriental State College of Agriculture and Technology. 85pp.
Giwa A, Yusuf A, Balogun HA, Sambudi NS, Bilad MR, Adeyemi I, Chakraborty S and Curcio S. 2021. Recent advances in advanced oxidation processes for removal of contaminants from water: A comprehensive review. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 146: 220–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.08.015
He J, Tao X, Ma W and Zhao J. 2002. Heterogeneous photo-Fenton degradation of an azo dye in aqueous H2O2/iron oxide dispersions at neutral pHs. Chemistry Letters, 31(1): 86–87. https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.2002.86
Kakodia AK, Gurjar L, Ameta SC and Sharma BK. 2013. Photodegradation of Acid Violet 90 in aqueous solution by Photo-Fenton reagent. International Journal of Chemical Sciences, 11(2): 855–864.
Khan J, Sayed M, Ali F and Khan HM. 2018. Removal of Acid Yellow 17 Dye by Fenton Oxidation Process. Zeitschrift Fur Physikalische Chemie, 232(4), 507–525. https://doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2017-1072
Kumari P and Kumar A. 2023. Advanced Oxidation Process: A remediation technique for organic and non-biodegradable pollutant. Results in Surfaces and Interfaces, 11: 100122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsurfi.2023.100122
Lucas MS and Peres JA. 2006. Decolorization of the azo dye Reactive Black 5 by Fenton and photo-Fenton oxidation. Dyes and Pigments, 71(3): 236–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2005.07.007
Mabayo VI and Orale R. 2024. Agricultural-based Biomass as an Efficient Adsorbent in the Removal of Dyes in Dye-contaminated Wastewater: A Mini Review. Current Applied Science and Technology, 24(1): e0257011. https://doi.org/10.55003/cast.2023.257011
Macías-Sánchez J, Hinojosa-Reyes L, Guzmán-Mar JL, Peralta-Hernández JM and Hernández-Ramírez A. 2011. Performance of the photo-Fenton process in the degradation of a model azo dye mixture. Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, 10(3): 332–337. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0pp00158a
Mohammed NA, Alwared AI, Abdulhasan MJ and Salman MS. 2022. Optimization and kinetic evaluation of reactive yellow dye degradation by solar photocatalytic process. Desalination and Water Treatment, 277: 234–243. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2022.29034
Nawaz M, Shahzad A, Tahir K, Kim J, Moztahida M, Jang J, Alam MB, Lee SH, Jung HY and Lee DS. 2020. Photo-Fenton reaction for the degradation of sulfamethoxazole using a multi-walled carbon nanotube-NiFe2O4 composite. Chemical Engineering Journal, 382: 123053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123053
Nerona JD, Abella NCM, Jundam GA-GC and Gumaling RP. 2024. Response surface and artificial neural network modeling for optimization of process parameter in Cu(II) adsorption uptake of sodium-activated Philippine natural zeolite. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 58: 104851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.104851
O’Dowd K and Pillai SC. 2020. Photo-Fenton disinfection at near neutral pH: Process, parameter optimization and recent advances. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 8(5): 104063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104063
Pagalan Jr E, Sebron M, Gomez S, Salva SJ, Ampusta R, Macarayo AJ, Joyno C, Ido A and Arazo R. 2020. Activated carbon from spent coffee grounds as an adsorbent for treatment of water contaminated by aniline yellow dye. Industrial Crops and Products, 145: 111953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111953
Pandis PK, Kalogirou C, Kanellou E, Vaitsis C, Savvidou MG, Sourkouni G, Zorpas AA and Argirusis C. 2022. Key Points of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for Wastewater, Organic Pollutants and Pharmaceutical Waste Treatment: A Mini Review. ChemEngineering, 6(1): 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering6010008
Shalini and Setty YP. 2022. Fenton/Photo-Fenton processes for wastewater treatment and disinfection. In: Mungray A, Mungray A, Sonawane S and Sonawane S (eds). Novel Approaches towards Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery Technologies. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 241–252.
Shaltout WA, El-Naggar GA, Esmail G and Hassan AF. 2024. Synthesis and characterization of ferric@nanocellulose/nanohydroxyapatite bio-composite based on sea scallop shells and cotton stalks: adsorption of Safranin-O dye. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 14(4): 4759–4776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02753-1
Sriprom P, Champa V, Kitchaiya P and Assawasaengrat P. 2018. Optimizing Decolorization Efficiency of Methylene Blue by Photo-Fenton Process over Fe-Diatomite using Central Composite Design. Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 43: 409-414. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64235-6.50074-7
Su X, Wang X, Ge Z, Bao Z, Lin L, Chen Y, Dai W, Sun Y, Yuan H, Yang W et al. 2024. Koh-activated biochar and chitosan composites for efficient adsorption of industrial dye pollutants. Chemical Engineering Journal, 486: 150387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.150387
Vaez M, Moghaddam AZ and Alijani S. 2012. Optimization and modeling of photocatalytic degradation of azo dye using a response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design with immobilized Titania nanoparticles. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 51(11): 4199–4207. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie202809w
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