The ecological status and fisheries of Malampaya Sound, northwestern Palawan, Philippines
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Published
Aug 22, 2024
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Jesusito A. Vicente
Abstract
A review of the state of the marine ecosystem and fisheries of Malampaya Sound, Palawan was undertaken. A total of 30 papers relevant to the topic were selected and reviewed. The results showed that the rich and diverse coastal waters of Malampaya Sound harbor 8 species of seagrasses, 9 species of mangroves, 262 species of fish, and various species of corals and macroinvertebrates including the rare giant clams Tridacna spp. The Sound plays a vital role in the local economy because the local community uses it for subsistence fishing and as a source of livelihood. It is so productive that it was termed the “fishbowl of the country” because it provides a substantial contribution to the country’s fishery sector and economy. However, degradation continuously threatens it, most of which are interrelated anthropogenic issues. The declining environmental condition of the area prompted the government to close it for commercial fishing in the 1970s. Several conservation measures have been undertaken since then to preserve its remaining resources, including its declaration as a protected landscape and seascape in 2000. Despite this, if not for a slight improvement, the condition has worsened. So far, only the mangrove ecosystem has dramatically improved. Seagrass and coral reefs are still in poor to fair condition. A collective effort by the community and government agencies, with the support of the academe and non-government organizations, coupled with strict enforcement of existing laws, income diversification for the locals, monitoring of environmental parameters, and implementation of sustainable fishing practices, is necessary to achieve sustainable use of the area.
How to Cite
Vicente JA. 2024. The ecological status and fisheries of Malampaya Sound, northwestern Palawan, Philippines. The Palawan Scientist. 16(2):113–121. https://doi.org/10.69721/TPS.J.2024.16.2.10.
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Keywords
conservation, ecoregion, fishing ground, last frontier
References
Alcala AC. 2001. Marine Reserves In The Philippines: Historical Development, Effects And Influence In Marine Conservation. Bookmark, Makati City, Philippines. 115pp.
Avillanosa AP, Avillanosa AL and Matillano MD. 2006. Catch composition of skimming net in Malampaya Inner Sound, Taytay, Palawan, Philippines. Journal of Aquatic Science, 3:22–30.
Balagot BP. 1992. Implications of environmental legislations to development sectors. The Philippine Journal of Public Administration, 36:328–366.
Balisco RAT, Dieron N, Gacita L and Cacho D. 2014. Reef Fish Communities and Assemblage in Malampaya Outer Sound, Taytay, Palawan. In: Gonzales BJ (eds). Sustainable coral reef ecosystem management in Bacuit Bay, El Nido and Outer Malampaya Sound, Taytay, Palawan. Western Philippines University-College of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Puerto Princesa City, Philippines, pp. 15–22.
Bindoff NL, Willebrand J, Artale V, Cazenave A, Gregory JM, Gulev S, Hanawa K, Le Quere C, Levitus S and Nojiri Y. 2005. Observations: oceanic climate change and sea level. Notes, 17.
Borja VM, Furio EF and Rodriguez AK. 2000. Horizontal and vertical distribution of Pyrodinium bahamensecysts in sediments of Malampaya Sound, Palawan, Philippines. Harmful Algal Bloom 2000 Conference, Tasmania, Australia. https://www.frdc.com.au/sites/default/files/products/Conference%20Abstracts.pdfAccessed on 09 February 2022.
CHE-UPLB. 2015. Municipality of Taytay: Environmentally Critical Areas Network (ECAN) Resource Management Plan 2015-2020. College of Human Ecology, Department of Community and Environmental Resource Planning, University of the Philippines, Los Baños. 174pp.
DA-BFAR(Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources). 1977. The country report of the Republic of the Philippines: Technical seminar on South China Sea fisheries resources. In: Proceedings of the Technical Seminar on South China Sea Fisheries Resources, Bangkok, Thailand, 21-25 May 1973. Japan InternationalCooperation Agency. 18pp. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12066/4107Accessed on 09 February 2022.
David CPC, Maria YYS, Siringan FP, ReotitaJM, Zamora PB, Villanoy CL, Sombrito EZ and Azanza RV. 2009. Coastal pollution due to increasing nutrient flux in aquaculture sites. Environmental Geology, 58:447–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1516-5
dela Peña HP, Pido MD and Sespeñe JS. 2015a. Is Palawan’s Inner Malampaya Sound overfished? 2nd Palawan Research Symposium, Puerto Princesa City, Philippines, pp 60–65.
dela Peña HP, Sespeñe JS and Pido MD. 2015b. Revisiting Malampaya Sound in Palawan as the Philippines’ fishbowl: Interventions for sustainable management. The Brunei Darussalam–Indonesia–Malaysia–Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA) Journal for Sustainable Tourism Development, 4 (1): 68–79.
Deocadez MR and Aliño PM. 2005. Reefs Through Time: Biennial Report on the Status of Philippine Coral Reefs. Coral Reef Information Network of the Philippines. Philippines Reefs and University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute, Manila, Philippines. 248pp.
DENR(Department of Environment and Natural Resources). 2001. National Integrated Protected Areas Programme (NIPAP) -Final Report. Department of Environment and Natural Resources. 117pp. https://faspselib.denr.gov.ph/node/178Accessed on 20 December 2020.
Dolorosa RG and Matillano JD. 2014. Abundance of reef macrobenthic invertebrates of Liminangcong and Tumbud, Taytay, Palawan: implications for conservation. In: Gonzales BJ. (eds) Sustainable coral reef ecosystemmanagement in Bacuit Bay, El Nido and Outer Malampaya Sound, Taytay, Palawan. Western Philippines University-College of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Puerto Princesa City, Philippines, pp. 23–35
Doney SC, Fabry VJ, Feely RA and Kleypas JA. 2016. Ocean acidification: the other CO2 problem. Washington Journal of Environmental Law and Policy, 6: 213. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834
Doney SC, Ruckelshaus M, Duffy JE, Barry JP, Chan F, English CA, Galindo HM, Grebmeier JM, Hollowed AB, Knowlton N and et al. 2012. Climate Change Impacts on Marine Ecosystems. Annual Review of Marine Science, 4:11–37. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-041911-111611
Estudillo RA, Gonzales CL and Ordonez JA. 1987. The seasonal variation and distribution of zooplankton, fish eggs and fish larvae in Malampaya Sound. Philippine Journal of Fisheries, 20:1–43.
FMB (Forest Management Bureau). 2019. 2019 Philippine Forestry Statistics. Department of Environment and Natural Resources. 68pp. https://forestry.denr.gov.ph/index.php/statistics/philippines-forestry-statisticsAccessed on 20 December 2020.
Fortes MD. 2004. National Report on Seagrass in the South China Sea: Philippines. Reversing environmental degradation trends in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand. United Nations Environment Programme/Global Environment Facility (UNEP/GEF) South China Sea Project. 18pp. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/7400/Terminal_evaluation_of_the_UNEP_GEF_project_Reversing_environmental_degradation_trends_in_the_South_China_Sea_and_Gulf_of_Thailand.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yAccessed on 20 December 2020.
Garcia K, Gevaña D and Malabrigo P. 2013. Philippines’ Mangrove Ecosystem: Status, Threats, and Conservation. In: Faridah-Hanum I, Hakeem ALR, Ozturk M. (eds) Mangrove Ecosystems of Asia: Status, Challenges and Management Strategies. Springer Science and Business Media New York, New York, pp 81-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8582-7_5
Gonzales BJ. 2013. Field Guide Coastal Fishes of Palawan. Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security (CTI-CFF) Secretariat, Manila, Philippines. 208pp.
Gonzales BJ. 2018. Fishing gears and Methods of the Malampaya Sound Philippines: An Approach to Fisheries and Ecosystems Management. Manila, Philippines. Asian Conservation Foundation, 177pp.
Gonzales BJ, Matillano MVD, Aludia G, Miguel JA and Climatico RB. 2017. CPUE of Fishing Gears in Malampaya Sound, Western Taytay, Palawan, Philippines. World Wildlife Fund and Western Philippines University, 22pp. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.21164.67207
Javan J. 1999. Empowerment for Community Development: A Multivariate Framework for Assessing Empowerment at the Community Level. Doctor of Philosophy, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA. 220pp.
Long JB and Giri C. 2011. Mapping the Philippines’ Mangrove Forests Using Landsat Imagery. Sensors (Basel), 11(3):2972–2981. https://doi.org/10.3390/s110302972
Matillano JD, Dolorosa R and Matillano JA. 2014. Coral Cover of Liminangcong and Tumbud, Tatay, Palawan, Philippines: Implications to Conservation. In: Gonzales BJ. (eds) Sustainable coral reef ecosystem management in Bacuit Bay, El Nido and Outer Malampaya Sound, Taytay, Palawan. Western Philippines University-College of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Puerto Princesa City, Philippines, pp. 7–14.
Maypa AP, Russ GR, Alcala AC and Calumpong HP. 2002. Long-term trends in yield and catch rates of the coral reef fishery at Apo Island, central Philippines. Marine and Freshwater Research, 53(2): 207–213. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF01134
McGowan S. 2016. Algal Blooms. Biological and Environmental Hazards, Risks, and Disasters, 5–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394847-2.00002-4
McNeely JA, Miller K, Mittermeier RA, Reid WV and Werner TB. 1990. Conserving The World’s Biological Diversity. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland, 193pp.
PCSD (Palawan Council for Sustainable Development). 2004. State of the Environment: Palawan, Philippines 2004. Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines, 186pp.
PCSD (Palawan Council for Sustainable Development). 2006. Baseline Report on Coastal Resources for Taytay Municipality. Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines, 113pp.
PCSD (Palawan Council for Sustainable Development). 2015. Stateof Environment Report: Palawan, Philippines 2015 Updates. Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines, 76pp.
Pauly D, Alder J, Bakun A, Eileman S, Kock KH, Mace P, Perrin W, Stergiou K, Sumaila UR, VierrosM and et al. 2005. Marine fisheries systems. In: Hassan R., Scholes R., Ash N. (eds) Ecosystems and human well-being: Current state and trends. Island Press, Washington, DC, United States of America, pp. 477–511. Pauly D, Christensen V, Guénette S, Pitcher TJ, Sumaila UR, Walters CJ, Watson R and Zeller D. 2002. Towards sustainability in world fisheries. Nature, 418(6898):689–695. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01017
PNSS (Philippine National Science Society). 2004. Seagrasses of the Philippines: Country Report. United Nations Environment Programme/Global Environment Facility (UNEP/GEF) South China Sea Project(SCS) Project: Reversing Environmental Degradation Trends in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand. United Nations Environment Programme, 70pp. http://www.unepscs.orgAccessed on 24 January 2021.
PSA (Philippine Statistics Authority).2020. Compendium of Philippine Environment Statistics. Philippine Statistics Authority, Manila, Philippines, 930pp.
Pido M, Pomeroy R, Carlos M, Garces A, Agbayani R, Sandalo A, Catain V, Benavente A, Bacosa R and Matulac J. 1996. The application of the institutional analysis research framework in the evaluation of fisheries and other coastal resources management systems in Palawan, Philippines. Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development (PCAMRD) Book Series (Philippines), 416pp.
Pido MD. 1995. The application of Rapid Rural Appraisal techniques in coastal resources planning : experience in Malampaya Sound, Philippines. Ocean and Coastal Management, 26(1):57–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/0964-5691(95)00011-P
Pilien J and Walpole P. 2003. Moving from open access extraction to new participatory levels of accountable management Malampaya Sound, Palawan, the Philippines. In: Castro AP and Nielsen E. (eds) Natural resource conflict management case studies: an analysis of power, participation and protected areas. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy, pp. 251–268.
Ronquillo IA and Llana MaEG. 1987. Biological effects of fishery management measures in the Philippines. Symposium on the Exploitation and Management of Marine Fishery Resources in Southeast Asia, Darwin, Australia, pp. 244–248.
Sandalo AC. 1996. Overview and Status of Fisheries and Coastal Resources. Management in Palawan, Philippines. In: The management systems of marine fisheries and other coastal resources in Palawan, Philippines: concepts, experiences and lessons. International Center for Living Aquatic and Resources Management (ICLARM) and Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD), Manila, Philippines, pp. 2–13.
Sellner KG, Doucette GJ and Kirkpatrick GJ. 2003. Harmful algal blooms: causes, impacts and detection. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 30(7):383–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-003-0074-9
Sombrito EZ, Bulos A dM, Sta Maria EJ, Honrado MCV, Azanza RV and Furio EF. 2004. Application of 210Pb-derived sedimentation rates and dinoflagellate cyst analyses in understanding Pyrodinium bahamenseharmful algal blooms in Manila Bay and Malampaya Sound, Philippines. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 76(1-2): 177–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2004.03.025
Thomas V and Belt T. 1997. Growth and the Environment: Allies and Foes? Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies, 22:327–334.
Tupper M, Asif F, Garces LR and Pido MD. 2015. Evaluating the management effectiveness of marine protected areas at seven selected sites in the Philippines. Marine Policy, 56:33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.02.008
Wilkinson C. 2000. Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia, 376pp.
World Bank. 2005. Philippines Environment Monitor 2005: Coastal and Marine Resource Management, 76pp.
Avillanosa AP, Avillanosa AL and Matillano MD. 2006. Catch composition of skimming net in Malampaya Inner Sound, Taytay, Palawan, Philippines. Journal of Aquatic Science, 3:22–30.
Balagot BP. 1992. Implications of environmental legislations to development sectors. The Philippine Journal of Public Administration, 36:328–366.
Balisco RAT, Dieron N, Gacita L and Cacho D. 2014. Reef Fish Communities and Assemblage in Malampaya Outer Sound, Taytay, Palawan. In: Gonzales BJ (eds). Sustainable coral reef ecosystem management in Bacuit Bay, El Nido and Outer Malampaya Sound, Taytay, Palawan. Western Philippines University-College of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Puerto Princesa City, Philippines, pp. 15–22.
Bindoff NL, Willebrand J, Artale V, Cazenave A, Gregory JM, Gulev S, Hanawa K, Le Quere C, Levitus S and Nojiri Y. 2005. Observations: oceanic climate change and sea level. Notes, 17.
Borja VM, Furio EF and Rodriguez AK. 2000. Horizontal and vertical distribution of Pyrodinium bahamensecysts in sediments of Malampaya Sound, Palawan, Philippines. Harmful Algal Bloom 2000 Conference, Tasmania, Australia. https://www.frdc.com.au/sites/default/files/products/Conference%20Abstracts.pdfAccessed on 09 February 2022.
CHE-UPLB. 2015. Municipality of Taytay: Environmentally Critical Areas Network (ECAN) Resource Management Plan 2015-2020. College of Human Ecology, Department of Community and Environmental Resource Planning, University of the Philippines, Los Baños. 174pp.
DA-BFAR(Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources). 1977. The country report of the Republic of the Philippines: Technical seminar on South China Sea fisheries resources. In: Proceedings of the Technical Seminar on South China Sea Fisheries Resources, Bangkok, Thailand, 21-25 May 1973. Japan InternationalCooperation Agency. 18pp. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12066/4107Accessed on 09 February 2022.
David CPC, Maria YYS, Siringan FP, ReotitaJM, Zamora PB, Villanoy CL, Sombrito EZ and Azanza RV. 2009. Coastal pollution due to increasing nutrient flux in aquaculture sites. Environmental Geology, 58:447–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1516-5
dela Peña HP, Pido MD and Sespeñe JS. 2015a. Is Palawan’s Inner Malampaya Sound overfished? 2nd Palawan Research Symposium, Puerto Princesa City, Philippines, pp 60–65.
dela Peña HP, Sespeñe JS and Pido MD. 2015b. Revisiting Malampaya Sound in Palawan as the Philippines’ fishbowl: Interventions for sustainable management. The Brunei Darussalam–Indonesia–Malaysia–Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA) Journal for Sustainable Tourism Development, 4 (1): 68–79.
Deocadez MR and Aliño PM. 2005. Reefs Through Time: Biennial Report on the Status of Philippine Coral Reefs. Coral Reef Information Network of the Philippines. Philippines Reefs and University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute, Manila, Philippines. 248pp.
DENR(Department of Environment and Natural Resources). 2001. National Integrated Protected Areas Programme (NIPAP) -Final Report. Department of Environment and Natural Resources. 117pp. https://faspselib.denr.gov.ph/node/178Accessed on 20 December 2020.
Dolorosa RG and Matillano JD. 2014. Abundance of reef macrobenthic invertebrates of Liminangcong and Tumbud, Taytay, Palawan: implications for conservation. In: Gonzales BJ. (eds) Sustainable coral reef ecosystemmanagement in Bacuit Bay, El Nido and Outer Malampaya Sound, Taytay, Palawan. Western Philippines University-College of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Puerto Princesa City, Philippines, pp. 23–35
Doney SC, Fabry VJ, Feely RA and Kleypas JA. 2016. Ocean acidification: the other CO2 problem. Washington Journal of Environmental Law and Policy, 6: 213. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834
Doney SC, Ruckelshaus M, Duffy JE, Barry JP, Chan F, English CA, Galindo HM, Grebmeier JM, Hollowed AB, Knowlton N and et al. 2012. Climate Change Impacts on Marine Ecosystems. Annual Review of Marine Science, 4:11–37. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-041911-111611
Estudillo RA, Gonzales CL and Ordonez JA. 1987. The seasonal variation and distribution of zooplankton, fish eggs and fish larvae in Malampaya Sound. Philippine Journal of Fisheries, 20:1–43.
FMB (Forest Management Bureau). 2019. 2019 Philippine Forestry Statistics. Department of Environment and Natural Resources. 68pp. https://forestry.denr.gov.ph/index.php/statistics/philippines-forestry-statisticsAccessed on 20 December 2020.
Fortes MD. 2004. National Report on Seagrass in the South China Sea: Philippines. Reversing environmental degradation trends in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand. United Nations Environment Programme/Global Environment Facility (UNEP/GEF) South China Sea Project. 18pp. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/7400/Terminal_evaluation_of_the_UNEP_GEF_project_Reversing_environmental_degradation_trends_in_the_South_China_Sea_and_Gulf_of_Thailand.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yAccessed on 20 December 2020.
Garcia K, Gevaña D and Malabrigo P. 2013. Philippines’ Mangrove Ecosystem: Status, Threats, and Conservation. In: Faridah-Hanum I, Hakeem ALR, Ozturk M. (eds) Mangrove Ecosystems of Asia: Status, Challenges and Management Strategies. Springer Science and Business Media New York, New York, pp 81-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8582-7_5
Gonzales BJ. 2013. Field Guide Coastal Fishes of Palawan. Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security (CTI-CFF) Secretariat, Manila, Philippines. 208pp.
Gonzales BJ. 2018. Fishing gears and Methods of the Malampaya Sound Philippines: An Approach to Fisheries and Ecosystems Management. Manila, Philippines. Asian Conservation Foundation, 177pp.
Gonzales BJ, Matillano MVD, Aludia G, Miguel JA and Climatico RB. 2017. CPUE of Fishing Gears in Malampaya Sound, Western Taytay, Palawan, Philippines. World Wildlife Fund and Western Philippines University, 22pp. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.21164.67207
Javan J. 1999. Empowerment for Community Development: A Multivariate Framework for Assessing Empowerment at the Community Level. Doctor of Philosophy, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA. 220pp.
Long JB and Giri C. 2011. Mapping the Philippines’ Mangrove Forests Using Landsat Imagery. Sensors (Basel), 11(3):2972–2981. https://doi.org/10.3390/s110302972
Matillano JD, Dolorosa R and Matillano JA. 2014. Coral Cover of Liminangcong and Tumbud, Tatay, Palawan, Philippines: Implications to Conservation. In: Gonzales BJ. (eds) Sustainable coral reef ecosystem management in Bacuit Bay, El Nido and Outer Malampaya Sound, Taytay, Palawan. Western Philippines University-College of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Puerto Princesa City, Philippines, pp. 7–14.
Maypa AP, Russ GR, Alcala AC and Calumpong HP. 2002. Long-term trends in yield and catch rates of the coral reef fishery at Apo Island, central Philippines. Marine and Freshwater Research, 53(2): 207–213. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF01134
McGowan S. 2016. Algal Blooms. Biological and Environmental Hazards, Risks, and Disasters, 5–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394847-2.00002-4
McNeely JA, Miller K, Mittermeier RA, Reid WV and Werner TB. 1990. Conserving The World’s Biological Diversity. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland, 193pp.
PCSD (Palawan Council for Sustainable Development). 2004. State of the Environment: Palawan, Philippines 2004. Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines, 186pp.
PCSD (Palawan Council for Sustainable Development). 2006. Baseline Report on Coastal Resources for Taytay Municipality. Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines, 113pp.
PCSD (Palawan Council for Sustainable Development). 2015. Stateof Environment Report: Palawan, Philippines 2015 Updates. Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines, 76pp.
Pauly D, Alder J, Bakun A, Eileman S, Kock KH, Mace P, Perrin W, Stergiou K, Sumaila UR, VierrosM and et al. 2005. Marine fisheries systems. In: Hassan R., Scholes R., Ash N. (eds) Ecosystems and human well-being: Current state and trends. Island Press, Washington, DC, United States of America, pp. 477–511. Pauly D, Christensen V, Guénette S, Pitcher TJ, Sumaila UR, Walters CJ, Watson R and Zeller D. 2002. Towards sustainability in world fisheries. Nature, 418(6898):689–695. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01017
PNSS (Philippine National Science Society). 2004. Seagrasses of the Philippines: Country Report. United Nations Environment Programme/Global Environment Facility (UNEP/GEF) South China Sea Project(SCS) Project: Reversing Environmental Degradation Trends in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand. United Nations Environment Programme, 70pp. http://www.unepscs.orgAccessed on 24 January 2021.
PSA (Philippine Statistics Authority).2020. Compendium of Philippine Environment Statistics. Philippine Statistics Authority, Manila, Philippines, 930pp.
Pido M, Pomeroy R, Carlos M, Garces A, Agbayani R, Sandalo A, Catain V, Benavente A, Bacosa R and Matulac J. 1996. The application of the institutional analysis research framework in the evaluation of fisheries and other coastal resources management systems in Palawan, Philippines. Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development (PCAMRD) Book Series (Philippines), 416pp.
Pido MD. 1995. The application of Rapid Rural Appraisal techniques in coastal resources planning : experience in Malampaya Sound, Philippines. Ocean and Coastal Management, 26(1):57–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/0964-5691(95)00011-P
Pilien J and Walpole P. 2003. Moving from open access extraction to new participatory levels of accountable management Malampaya Sound, Palawan, the Philippines. In: Castro AP and Nielsen E. (eds) Natural resource conflict management case studies: an analysis of power, participation and protected areas. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy, pp. 251–268.
Ronquillo IA and Llana MaEG. 1987. Biological effects of fishery management measures in the Philippines. Symposium on the Exploitation and Management of Marine Fishery Resources in Southeast Asia, Darwin, Australia, pp. 244–248.
Sandalo AC. 1996. Overview and Status of Fisheries and Coastal Resources. Management in Palawan, Philippines. In: The management systems of marine fisheries and other coastal resources in Palawan, Philippines: concepts, experiences and lessons. International Center for Living Aquatic and Resources Management (ICLARM) and Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD), Manila, Philippines, pp. 2–13.
Sellner KG, Doucette GJ and Kirkpatrick GJ. 2003. Harmful algal blooms: causes, impacts and detection. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 30(7):383–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-003-0074-9
Sombrito EZ, Bulos A dM, Sta Maria EJ, Honrado MCV, Azanza RV and Furio EF. 2004. Application of 210Pb-derived sedimentation rates and dinoflagellate cyst analyses in understanding Pyrodinium bahamenseharmful algal blooms in Manila Bay and Malampaya Sound, Philippines. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 76(1-2): 177–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2004.03.025
Thomas V and Belt T. 1997. Growth and the Environment: Allies and Foes? Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies, 22:327–334.
Tupper M, Asif F, Garces LR and Pido MD. 2015. Evaluating the management effectiveness of marine protected areas at seven selected sites in the Philippines. Marine Policy, 56:33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.02.008
Wilkinson C. 2000. Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia, 376pp.
World Bank. 2005. Philippines Environment Monitor 2005: Coastal and Marine Resource Management, 76pp.
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