Predictors of students’ academic performance during the COVID-19 Pandemic
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Published
Jul 15, 2024
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Marisol S. Foronda
Ryan P. Salviejo
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the educational system, wherein the students' learning process has been confronted with many factors that could affect their academic performance. Thus, this study aimed to determine the student’s academic performance and its predictors during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 143 students from a state university in Cagayan Valley, Philippines participated in the study by completing an online questionnaire via Google Forms. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine the predictors of academic performance. The results revealed that despite the pandemic, the students had shown very satisfactory academic performance. Moreover, certain socio-economic factors emerged as significant factors. These factors included monthly household income, the number of siblings employed, and the father's employment status. Hence, teachers might design instructional activities and strategies that actively promote equity within the classroom.
How to Cite
Foronda MS, Salviejo RP. 2024. Predictors of students’ academic performance during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The Palawan Scientist. 16(2):34–46. https://doi.org/10.69721/TPS.J.2024.16.2.04.
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Keywords
academic shift attitude, readiness, self-efficacy, self-esteem, socio-economic status
References
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Adnan M and Yaman BB. 2017. Mühendislik öğrencilerinin e-öğrenmeye dair beklenti, hazır bulunuşluk ve memnuniyet düzeyleri. Türk Bilgisayar ve Matematik Eğitimi Dergisi, 8(2): 218-243.
Adzido RYN, Dzogbede OE, Ahiave E and Dorkpah OK. 2016. Assessment of family income on academic performance of tertiary students: The case of Ho Polytechnic, Ghana. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 6(3): 154-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARAFMS/v6-i3/2221
Ali S, Haider Z, Munir F, Khan H and Ahmed A. 2013. Factors contributing to the students’ academic performance: A case study of Islamia University Sub Campus. American Journal of Educational Research, 1(8): 283-289. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-1-8-3
Andersen SH. 2013. Common genes or exogenous shock? Disengtangling the causal effect of paternal unemployment on children’s schooling efforts. European Sociological Review, 29(3): 477-488. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcr088
Benty DDN, Kusumaningrum DE, Santoso FB, Prayoga AG, Ubaidillah E and Wardani AD. 2020. Use of information and communication technology in leaming in the covid-19 pandemic period to improve student learning outcomes. IEEE 2020 6th International Conference on Education and Technology (ICET): 165-169. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICET51153.2020.9276617
Bozkurt A, Jung I, Xiao J, Vladimirschi V, Schuwer R, Egorov G and Paskevicius M. 2020. A global outlook to the interruption of education due to COVID-19 pandemic: Navigating in a time of uncertainty and crisis. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 15(1): 1-126. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3878572
Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, Dong J and Zheng J. 2020. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry research, 287(112934): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
CHED (Commission on Higher Education) 2020. Guidelines for the Prevention, Control and Mitigation of the Spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). CHED Advisory No. 6-2020. https://ched.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/CHED-COVID-19- Advisory-No.-6.pdf . Accessed on 17 June 2021.
Copeland WE, McGinnis E, Bai Y, Adams Z, Nardone H, Devadanam V and Hudziak JJ. 2021. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on college student mental health and wellness. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 60(1): 134-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.08.466
Cuschieri S and Calleja AJ. 2020. Spotlight on the shift to remote anatomical teaching during Covid-19 pandemic: perspectives and experiences from the University of Malta. Anat Sci Educ., 13(6): 671-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.2020
Daniel SJ. 2020. Education and the COVID-19 pandemic. Prospects, 49(1): 91-96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-09464-3
Elmer T, Mepham K and Stadtfeld C. 2020. Students under lockdown: Comparisons of students’ social networks and mental health before and during the COVID-19 crisis in Switzerland. Plos one, 15(7): e0236337. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236337
Elsalem L, Al-Azzam N, Jum’ah AA and Obeidat N. 2021. Remote E-exams during Covid-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study of students’ preferences and academic dishonesty in faculties of medical sciences. Ann Med Surg (Lond), 62: 326–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2021.01.054
El Said GR. 2021. How did the COVID-19 pandemic affect higher education learning experience? An empirical investigation of learners’ academic performance at a university in a developing country. Advances in Human-Computer Interaction, 2021: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6649524
Fawaz M and Samaha A. 2021. E‐learning: Depression, anxiety, and stress symptomatology among Lebanese university students during COVID‐19 quarantine. In Nursing forum, 56(1): 52-57. https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12521
Fidell LS and Tabachnick BG. 2003. Preparatory Data Analysis. In: Handbook of psychology: Research methods in psychology (2nd). John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, pp. 115-141.
Finn AS, Minas JE, Leonard JA, Mackey AP, Salvatore J, Goetz C, ... and Gabrieli JD. (2017). Functional brain organization of working memory in adolescents varies in relation to family income and academic achievement. Developmental Science, 20(5): e12450. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12450
Gandolfi E, Ferdig RE and Kratcoski A. 2021. A new educational normal an intersectionality-led exploration of education, learning technologies, and diversity during COVID-19. Technol. Soc., 66: 101637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101637
Hassan O and Ibourk A. 2021. Burnout, self-efficacy and job satisfaction among primary school teachers in Morocco. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 4(1): 100148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100148
Hebebci MT, Bertiz Y and Alan S. 2020. Investigation of views of students and teachers on distance education practices during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. International Journal of Technology in Educational Sci., 4(4): 267–82. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijtes.v4i4.113
Hill NE, Castellino DR, Lansford JE, Nowlin P, Dodge KA, Bates JE and Pettit GS. 2004. Parent academic involvement as related to school behavior, achievement, and aspirations: Demographic variations across adolescence. Child development, 75(5): 1491-1509. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00753.x
Hjelsvold R, Bahmani A and Lorås M. 2020. First impressions from educators as NTNU transitions to an online only mode of learning. Norwegian University of Science and Technology’s: Trondheim, Norway. https://www.ntnu.edu/excited/first-impressions-from-educators-and-students-as-ntnu-transitions-to-an-online-only-mode-of-learning . Accessed on 06 June 2021.
Johnson B. 2001. Toward a new classification of nonexperimental quantitative research. Educational researcher, 30(2): 3-13. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X030002003
Joosten T and Cusatis R. 2019. A Cross-Institutional Study of Instructional Characteristics and Student Outcomes: Are Quality Indicators of Online Courses Able to Predict Student Success? Online Learning, 23(4): 354-378.
Kapasia N, Paul P, Roy A, Saha J, Zaveri A, Mallick R and Chouhan P. 2020. Impact of lockdown on learning status of undergraduate and postgraduate students during COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal, India. Children and youth services review, 116: 105194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105194
Lacour M and Tissington LD. 2011. The effects of poverty on academic achievement. Educational Research and Reviews, 6(7): 522-527.
Lei J. 2009. Digital natives as preservice teachers: What technology preparation is needed? Journal of Computing in teacher Education, 25(3): 87-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402454.2009.10784615
Limniou M, Varga-Atkins T, Hands C and Elshamaa M. 2021. Learning, student digital capabilities and academic performance over the COVID-19 pandemic. Education Sciences, 11(7): 361. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11070361
Malureanu A, Panisoara G and Lazar I. 2021. The relationship between self-confidence, self-efficacy, grit, usefulness, and ease of use of elearning platforms in corporate training during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 13(12): 6633. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126633
Mushtaq I and Khan SN. 2012. Factors Affecting Studentsa Academic Performance. Global journal of management and business research, 12(9): 17-22.
Naji KK, Du X, Tarlochan F, Ebead U, Hasan MA and Al-Ali AK. 2020. Engineering Students' Readiness to Transition to Emergency Online Learning in Response to COVID-19: Case of Qatar. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 16(10): em1886 2020. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/8474
Napoles MA, Altubar JAB and Anding HKT. 2023. The Role of Time Management to the Academic Performance of the College Students During Pandemic. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, 10(02): 7731-7741. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v10i02.05
Odriozola-Gonzalez P, Planchuelo-Gomez A, Irurtia MJ and de Luis-Garcia R. 2020. Psychological effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown among students and workers of a Spanish university. Psychiatry Res., 290: 113108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113108
Parcel TL. 2016. Parental Employment in the United States. In Encyclopedia of Family Studies, CL, Shehan, pp. 1-5.
Parrocha A. 2020. HEIs may hold limited face-to-face classes in MGCQ areas. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1105160 . Accessed on 18 June 2022.
Rahiem MD. 2021. Remaining motivated despite the limitations: University students’ learning propensity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Children and youth services review, 120: 105802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105802
Rameli MRM, Alhassora NSA, Bunyamin MAH and Hanri C. 2020. Student teachers' attitude and self-esteem towards online learning:
Application of Rasch measurement model. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(11C): 37-44. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2020.082305
Raychaudhuri A, Debnath M, Sen S and Majumder BG. 2010. Factors Affecting Students' Academic Performance: A case study in Agartala Municipal Council Area. Bangladesh e-journal of Sociology, 7(2): 34-41.
Raymond III FB. 2000. Delivering distance education through technology: A pioneer’s experience. Campus-Wide Information Systems, 17(2): 49-55. https://doi.org/10.1108/10650740010317005
Rothstein R. 2004. Class and schools: Using social, economic, and educational reform to close the Black–White achievement gap. https://policycommons.net/artifacts/1412001/class-and-schools/2026264/ . Accessed on 20 May 2022.
Saraswathi I, Saikarthik J, Senthil Kumar K, Madhan Srinivasan K, Ardhanaari M and Gunapriya R. 2020. Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on the mental health status of undergraduate medical students in a COVID-19 treating medical college: a prospective longitudinal study. PeerJ, 8: e10164. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10164
Shatakshi L and Nardev S. 2020. CoVid-19: unmasking the new face of education. Int J Res Pharm Sci., 11(SPL1): 48–53. https://doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2122
Shuani F. 2016. Family income types: Money, real and psychic income. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 6(3): 154-169. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v23i4.1432
Sindiani AM, Obeidat N, Alshdaifat E, Elsalem L, Alwani MM, Rawashdeh H, et al. 2020. Distance education during the COVID-19 outbreak: a cross-sectional study among medical students in North of Jordan. Ann Med Surg (Lond), 59: 186–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2020.09.036
Smith L, Fagan JF and Ulvund SE. 2002. The relation of recognition memory in infancy and parental socioeconomic status to later intellectual competence. Intelligence, 30(3): 247-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-2896(01)00099-X
Sullivan G and Artino A. 2013. Analyzing and Interpreting Data From Likert-Type Scales. J Grad Med Educ, 5(4): 541–542. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-5-4-18
Sun Y, Lin SY and Chung KKH. 2020. University students’ perceived peer support and experienced depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of emotional well-being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24): 9308. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249308
Tabachnick BG and Fidell LS. 2013. Using multivariate statistics. Pearson, Boston, MA. 497-516pp.
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) 2020. Press release. https://en.unesco.org/news/13-billion-learners-are-still-affected-school-university-closures-educational-institutions . Accessed on 13 June 2022
Walker CO, Greene BA and Mansell RA. 2006. Identification with academics, intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, and self-efficacy as predictors of cognitive engagement. Learning and Individual Differences, 16(1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2005.06.004
WEF (World Economic Forum) 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed education forever. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/coronavirus-education-global-covid19-online-digital-learning/. Accessed on 15 June 2022.
WHO (World Health Organization) 2020. Global research on coronavirus disease (COVID-19). https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov . Accessed on 15 June 2022.
Adnan M and Yaman BB. 2017. Mühendislik öğrencilerinin e-öğrenmeye dair beklenti, hazır bulunuşluk ve memnuniyet düzeyleri. Türk Bilgisayar ve Matematik Eğitimi Dergisi, 8(2): 218-243.
Adzido RYN, Dzogbede OE, Ahiave E and Dorkpah OK. 2016. Assessment of family income on academic performance of tertiary students: The case of Ho Polytechnic, Ghana. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 6(3): 154-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARAFMS/v6-i3/2221
Ali S, Haider Z, Munir F, Khan H and Ahmed A. 2013. Factors contributing to the students’ academic performance: A case study of Islamia University Sub Campus. American Journal of Educational Research, 1(8): 283-289. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-1-8-3
Andersen SH. 2013. Common genes or exogenous shock? Disengtangling the causal effect of paternal unemployment on children’s schooling efforts. European Sociological Review, 29(3): 477-488. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcr088
Benty DDN, Kusumaningrum DE, Santoso FB, Prayoga AG, Ubaidillah E and Wardani AD. 2020. Use of information and communication technology in leaming in the covid-19 pandemic period to improve student learning outcomes. IEEE 2020 6th International Conference on Education and Technology (ICET): 165-169. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICET51153.2020.9276617
Bozkurt A, Jung I, Xiao J, Vladimirschi V, Schuwer R, Egorov G and Paskevicius M. 2020. A global outlook to the interruption of education due to COVID-19 pandemic: Navigating in a time of uncertainty and crisis. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 15(1): 1-126. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3878572
Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, Dong J and Zheng J. 2020. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry research, 287(112934): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
CHED (Commission on Higher Education) 2020. Guidelines for the Prevention, Control and Mitigation of the Spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). CHED Advisory No. 6-2020. https://ched.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/CHED-COVID-19- Advisory-No.-6.pdf . Accessed on 17 June 2021.
Copeland WE, McGinnis E, Bai Y, Adams Z, Nardone H, Devadanam V and Hudziak JJ. 2021. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on college student mental health and wellness. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 60(1): 134-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.08.466
Cuschieri S and Calleja AJ. 2020. Spotlight on the shift to remote anatomical teaching during Covid-19 pandemic: perspectives and experiences from the University of Malta. Anat Sci Educ., 13(6): 671-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.2020
Daniel SJ. 2020. Education and the COVID-19 pandemic. Prospects, 49(1): 91-96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-09464-3
Elmer T, Mepham K and Stadtfeld C. 2020. Students under lockdown: Comparisons of students’ social networks and mental health before and during the COVID-19 crisis in Switzerland. Plos one, 15(7): e0236337. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236337
Elsalem L, Al-Azzam N, Jum’ah AA and Obeidat N. 2021. Remote E-exams during Covid-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study of students’ preferences and academic dishonesty in faculties of medical sciences. Ann Med Surg (Lond), 62: 326–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2021.01.054
El Said GR. 2021. How did the COVID-19 pandemic affect higher education learning experience? An empirical investigation of learners’ academic performance at a university in a developing country. Advances in Human-Computer Interaction, 2021: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6649524
Fawaz M and Samaha A. 2021. E‐learning: Depression, anxiety, and stress symptomatology among Lebanese university students during COVID‐19 quarantine. In Nursing forum, 56(1): 52-57. https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12521
Fidell LS and Tabachnick BG. 2003. Preparatory Data Analysis. In: Handbook of psychology: Research methods in psychology (2nd). John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, pp. 115-141.
Finn AS, Minas JE, Leonard JA, Mackey AP, Salvatore J, Goetz C, ... and Gabrieli JD. (2017). Functional brain organization of working memory in adolescents varies in relation to family income and academic achievement. Developmental Science, 20(5): e12450. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12450
Gandolfi E, Ferdig RE and Kratcoski A. 2021. A new educational normal an intersectionality-led exploration of education, learning technologies, and diversity during COVID-19. Technol. Soc., 66: 101637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101637
Hassan O and Ibourk A. 2021. Burnout, self-efficacy and job satisfaction among primary school teachers in Morocco. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 4(1): 100148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100148
Hebebci MT, Bertiz Y and Alan S. 2020. Investigation of views of students and teachers on distance education practices during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. International Journal of Technology in Educational Sci., 4(4): 267–82. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijtes.v4i4.113
Hill NE, Castellino DR, Lansford JE, Nowlin P, Dodge KA, Bates JE and Pettit GS. 2004. Parent academic involvement as related to school behavior, achievement, and aspirations: Demographic variations across adolescence. Child development, 75(5): 1491-1509. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00753.x
Hjelsvold R, Bahmani A and Lorås M. 2020. First impressions from educators as NTNU transitions to an online only mode of learning. Norwegian University of Science and Technology’s: Trondheim, Norway. https://www.ntnu.edu/excited/first-impressions-from-educators-and-students-as-ntnu-transitions-to-an-online-only-mode-of-learning . Accessed on 06 June 2021.
Johnson B. 2001. Toward a new classification of nonexperimental quantitative research. Educational researcher, 30(2): 3-13. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X030002003
Joosten T and Cusatis R. 2019. A Cross-Institutional Study of Instructional Characteristics and Student Outcomes: Are Quality Indicators of Online Courses Able to Predict Student Success? Online Learning, 23(4): 354-378.
Kapasia N, Paul P, Roy A, Saha J, Zaveri A, Mallick R and Chouhan P. 2020. Impact of lockdown on learning status of undergraduate and postgraduate students during COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal, India. Children and youth services review, 116: 105194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105194
Lacour M and Tissington LD. 2011. The effects of poverty on academic achievement. Educational Research and Reviews, 6(7): 522-527.
Lei J. 2009. Digital natives as preservice teachers: What technology preparation is needed? Journal of Computing in teacher Education, 25(3): 87-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402454.2009.10784615
Limniou M, Varga-Atkins T, Hands C and Elshamaa M. 2021. Learning, student digital capabilities and academic performance over the COVID-19 pandemic. Education Sciences, 11(7): 361. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11070361
Malureanu A, Panisoara G and Lazar I. 2021. The relationship between self-confidence, self-efficacy, grit, usefulness, and ease of use of elearning platforms in corporate training during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 13(12): 6633. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126633
Mushtaq I and Khan SN. 2012. Factors Affecting Studentsa Academic Performance. Global journal of management and business research, 12(9): 17-22.
Naji KK, Du X, Tarlochan F, Ebead U, Hasan MA and Al-Ali AK. 2020. Engineering Students' Readiness to Transition to Emergency Online Learning in Response to COVID-19: Case of Qatar. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 16(10): em1886 2020. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/8474
Napoles MA, Altubar JAB and Anding HKT. 2023. The Role of Time Management to the Academic Performance of the College Students During Pandemic. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, 10(02): 7731-7741. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v10i02.05
Odriozola-Gonzalez P, Planchuelo-Gomez A, Irurtia MJ and de Luis-Garcia R. 2020. Psychological effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown among students and workers of a Spanish university. Psychiatry Res., 290: 113108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113108
Parcel TL. 2016. Parental Employment in the United States. In Encyclopedia of Family Studies, CL, Shehan, pp. 1-5.
Parrocha A. 2020. HEIs may hold limited face-to-face classes in MGCQ areas. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1105160 . Accessed on 18 June 2022.
Rahiem MD. 2021. Remaining motivated despite the limitations: University students’ learning propensity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Children and youth services review, 120: 105802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105802
Rameli MRM, Alhassora NSA, Bunyamin MAH and Hanri C. 2020. Student teachers' attitude and self-esteem towards online learning:
Application of Rasch measurement model. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(11C): 37-44. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2020.082305
Raychaudhuri A, Debnath M, Sen S and Majumder BG. 2010. Factors Affecting Students' Academic Performance: A case study in Agartala Municipal Council Area. Bangladesh e-journal of Sociology, 7(2): 34-41.
Raymond III FB. 2000. Delivering distance education through technology: A pioneer’s experience. Campus-Wide Information Systems, 17(2): 49-55. https://doi.org/10.1108/10650740010317005
Rothstein R. 2004. Class and schools: Using social, economic, and educational reform to close the Black–White achievement gap. https://policycommons.net/artifacts/1412001/class-and-schools/2026264/ . Accessed on 20 May 2022.
Saraswathi I, Saikarthik J, Senthil Kumar K, Madhan Srinivasan K, Ardhanaari M and Gunapriya R. 2020. Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on the mental health status of undergraduate medical students in a COVID-19 treating medical college: a prospective longitudinal study. PeerJ, 8: e10164. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10164
Shatakshi L and Nardev S. 2020. CoVid-19: unmasking the new face of education. Int J Res Pharm Sci., 11(SPL1): 48–53. https://doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL1.2122
Shuani F. 2016. Family income types: Money, real and psychic income. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 6(3): 154-169. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v23i4.1432
Sindiani AM, Obeidat N, Alshdaifat E, Elsalem L, Alwani MM, Rawashdeh H, et al. 2020. Distance education during the COVID-19 outbreak: a cross-sectional study among medical students in North of Jordan. Ann Med Surg (Lond), 59: 186–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2020.09.036
Smith L, Fagan JF and Ulvund SE. 2002. The relation of recognition memory in infancy and parental socioeconomic status to later intellectual competence. Intelligence, 30(3): 247-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-2896(01)00099-X
Sullivan G and Artino A. 2013. Analyzing and Interpreting Data From Likert-Type Scales. J Grad Med Educ, 5(4): 541–542. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-5-4-18
Sun Y, Lin SY and Chung KKH. 2020. University students’ perceived peer support and experienced depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of emotional well-being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24): 9308. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249308
Tabachnick BG and Fidell LS. 2013. Using multivariate statistics. Pearson, Boston, MA. 497-516pp.
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) 2020. Press release. https://en.unesco.org/news/13-billion-learners-are-still-affected-school-university-closures-educational-institutions . Accessed on 13 June 2022
Walker CO, Greene BA and Mansell RA. 2006. Identification with academics, intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, and self-efficacy as predictors of cognitive engagement. Learning and Individual Differences, 16(1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2005.06.004
WEF (World Economic Forum) 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed education forever. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/coronavirus-education-global-covid19-online-digital-learning/. Accessed on 15 June 2022.
WHO (World Health Organization) 2020. Global research on coronavirus disease (COVID-19). https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov . Accessed on 15 June 2022.
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