Bacteriological water analysis of Matutinao River in Badian, Cebu, Philippines
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Dec 19, 2022
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Abstract
As nature tourism becomes increasingly popular, especially in tropical countries, monitoring the environment's health and making it sustainable is essential. Hundreds of daily tourists visit a popular spot between Kawasan Falls and the Matutinao River in Cebu to participate in the canyoneering activity. This study assessed the bacteriological quality of water in Matutinao River. Obtained water samples were analyzed for heterotrophic plate count (HPC), total coliform, and presence of the Escherichia coli (Castellani and Chalmers 1919) bacteria. It was found that the river had an HPC of 212 to 4.57 × 105 CFU ml-1 and was contaminated with coliforms (1250-1800 MPN/100 ml). The presence of E. coli was also detected. These values exceed the maximum permissible limit for recreation waters (i.e. 100 CFU ml-1 for HPC and 1,000 MPN/100 ml for total coliforms). Ideally, E. coli should also be absent in recreation waters. Although not necessarily harmful, bacteria in recreational waters need to be regularly monitored to prevent potential outbreaks. It is further recommended to revisit existing local policies to help reduce sources of contamination in the river not just to protect the environment but also to promote sustainable tourism.
How to Cite
Bureros KJC, Layos JJC, Dueñas KJ. 2022. Bacteriological water analysis of Matutinao River in Badian, Cebu, Philippines. The Palawan Scientist. 14(2):1–7. https://doi.org/10.69721/TPS.J.2022.14.2.01.
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References
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Jang J, Hur HG, Sadowsky MJ, Byappanahalli MN, Yan T and Ishii S. 2017. Environmental Escherichia coli: Ecology and public health implications-a review. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 123(3): 570–581. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13468
Kapwata T, Mathee A, Le Roux WJ and Wright CY. 2018. Diarrhoeal disease in relation to possible household risk factors in South African villages. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(8): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081665
Khan K, Lu Y, Saeed MA, Bilal H, Sher H, Khan H, Ali J, Wang P, Uwizeyimana H, Baninla Y, et al. 2018. Prevalent fecal contamination in drinking water resources and potential health risks in Swat, Pakistan. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 72: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2017.12.008
Leclerc H, Mossel DA, Edberg SC and Struijk CB. 2001. Advances in the bacteriology of the coliform group: Their suitability as markers of microbial water safety. Annual Review of Microbiology, 55: 201–234. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.201
Mabvouna RB, Béchir Adogaye SB, Nkamedjie Pete PM, Sanou Sobze M, Kemogne JB and Colizzi V. 2020. Microbiological quality of water sources in the West region of Cameroon: Quantitative detection of total coliforms using Micro Biological Survey method. BMC Public Health, 20(1): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8443-0
Mabvouna RB, Béchir Adogaye SB, Nkamedjie Pete PM, Wondeu ALD, Sanou Sobze M, Kemogne JB and Colizzi V. 2021. Microbiological quality and genotoxicity of domestic water sources: A combined approach using Micro Biological Survey method and mutagenesis assay (micronucleus test) in root tips of Vicia faba in the West region of Cameroon. PLOS ONE, 16(2): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245379
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Miao J, Guo X, Liu W, Yang D, Shen Z, Qiu Z, Chen X, Zhang K, Hu H, Yin J, et al. 2018. Total coliforms as an indicator of human enterovirus presence in surface water across Tianjin City, China. BMC Infectious Diseases, 18(1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3438-5
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Muirhead RW and Meenken ED. 2018. Variability of Escherichia coli concentrations in rivers during base-flow conditions in New Zealand. Journal of Environment Quality, 47(5): 967–973. https://doi:10.2134/jeq2017.11.0458.
Nuez O. 2018. BadianWINKS. The Freeman. https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/the-freeman/20180805/281689730628743. Accessed on 29 January 2020.
O'Flaherty E, Solimini A, Pantanella F and Cummins E. 2019. The potential human exposure to antibiotic resistant-Escherichia coli through recreational water. Science of The Total Environment, 65: 786–795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.018
PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration). 2021. "Climate of the Philippines." https://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/information/climate-philippines. Accessed on 24 November 2021.
Pepper IL, Rusin P, Quintanar DR, Haney C, Josephson KL and Gerba CP. 2004. Tracking the concentration of heterotrophic plate count bacteria from the source to the consumer’s tap. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 92(3): 289–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2003.08.021
Prideaux B and Cooper M. 2009. River Tourism. Wallingford, United Kingdom. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. 288pp.
Ramos S, Silva V, Dapkevicius MdeLE, Caniça M, Tejedor-Junco MT, Igrejas G and Poeta P. 2020. Escherichia coli as commensal and pathogenic bacteria among food-producing animals: Health implications of extended spectrum β-lactamase (Esbl) production. Animals, 10(12): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122239
Rossi A, Wolde BT, Lee LH and Wu M. 2020. Prediction of recreational water safety using Escherichia coli as an indicator: Case study of the Passaic and Pompton Rivers, New Jersey. Science of The Total Environment, 714: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136814
Savage VR, Huang S and Chang TC. 2004. The Singapore River thematic zone: Sustainable tourism in an urban context. The Geographical Journal, 170(3): 212–225 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0016-7398.2004.00121.x
Shittu OB, Olaitan JO and Amusa TS. 2010. Physico-chemical and bacteriological analyses of water used for drinking and swimming purposes in Abeokuta, Nigeria. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 11(3): 285–290. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajbr.v11i3.50739
Song D. 2016. Countermeasure study on sustainable utilization of tourism resources and tourism environmental pollution in coastal areas of the Pearl River Delta, China. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 15(3): 873–879. https://neptjournal.com/upload-images/NL-57-15-(13)G-90.pdf.
Stocker MD, Rodriguez-Valentín JG, Pachepsky YA and Shelton DR. 2016. Spatial and temporal variation of fecal indicator organisms in two creeks in Beltsville, Maryland. Water Quality Research Journal, 51(2): 167–179. https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2016.044
Suthar S, Chhimpa V and Singh S. 2009. Bacterial contamination in drinking water: A case study in rural areas of northern Rajasthan, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 159(1–4): 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0611-0
Troussellier M, Got P, Bouvy M, M’Boup M, Arfi R, Lebihan F, Monfort P, Corbin D and Bernard C. 2004. Water quality and health status of the Senegal River estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 48: 852–862. https://10.1016/j.marpolbul.2003.10.028
Vignesh S, Dahms HU, Emmanuel KV, Gokul MS, Muthukumar K, Kim BR and James RA. 2014. Physicochemical parameters aid microbial community? A case study from marine recreational beaches, Southern India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186: 1875–1887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3501-z
Winter PL, Selin S, Cerveny L and Bricker K. 2019. Outdoor Recreation, nature-based tourism, and sustainability. Sustainability, 12(1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010081
Zhao T, Chen Y, Yao W, Ye B and Song B. 2017. The spatiotemporal distribution of two bacterial indexes in a small Tibetan plateau watershed. Water, 9(11): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9110823
Allen MJ, Edberg SC and Reasoner DJ. 2004. Heterotrophic plate count bacteria—What is their significance in drinking water? International Journal of Food Microbiology, 92(3): 265–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2003.08.017
Ambrad LM. 2018. Kawasan to close for cleanup Aug. 12-18. The Freeman. https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/the-freeman/20180622/281487867073546. Accessed on 31 October 2021.
Aquino J. 2017. Eight enchanting rivers in the Philippines that will make you skip the beach. https://www.tripzilla.com/enchanting-rivers-philippines/54645. Accessed on 30 March 2022.
Baird RB, Eaton AD and Rice EW. 2017. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 23rd Edition. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Environment Federation. 1796pp.
Bandel K and F Riedel. 1998. Ecological zonation of gastropods in the Matutinao River (Cebu, Philippines), with focus on their life cycles. International Journal of Limnology, 34(2): 171–191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/limn/1998017
Bartram J, Cotruvo J, Exner M, Fricker C and Glasmacher A (eds). 2003. Heterotrophic Plate Counts and Drinking-water Safety: The Significance of HPCs for Water Quality and Human Health. London, UK: IWA Publishing. https://doi.org/10.2166/9781780405940
Blaustein RA, Pachepsky Y, Hill RL, Shelton DR and Whelan G. 2013. Escherichia coli survival in waters: Temperature dependence. Water Research, 47(2): 569–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.10.027
Carbone G and Yunis E. 2005. Making Tourism More Sustainable: A Guide for Policy Makers. United Nations. http://www.unep.fr/shared/publications/pdf/DTIx0592xPA-TourismPolicyEN.pdf. Accessed on 29 January 2020.
Cho KH, Cha SM, Kang JH, Lee SW, Park Y, Kim JW and Kim JH. 2010. Meteorological effects on the levels of fecal indicator bacteria in an urban stream: A modeling approach. Water Research, 44: 2189–2202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.12.051
Conan P, Joux F, Torreton JP, Pujo-Pay M, Douki T, Rochelle-Newall E and Mari X. 2008. Effect of solar ultraviolet radiation on bacterio- and phytoplankton activity in a large coral reef lagoon (southwest New Caledonia). Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 52: 83–98. https://doi.org/10.3354/ame01204
Divya AH and Solomon PA. 2016. Effects of some water quality parameters especially total coliform and fecal coliform in surface water of Chalakudy River. Procedia Technology, 24: 631–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2016.05.151
Donovan E, Unice K, Roberts JD, Harris M and Finley B. 2008. Risk of gastrointestinal disease associated with exposure to pathogens in the water of the Lower Passaic River. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74(4): 994–1003. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00601-07
Edberg SC and Allen MJ. 2004. Virulence and risk from drinking water of heterotrophic plate count bacteria in human population groups. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 92(3): 255–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2003.08.012
EMB-DENR (Environmental Management Bureau-Department of Environment and Natural Resources). 1990. DENR Administrative Order No. 34 Series of 1990. https://emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/DAO-1990-34.pdf. Accessed on 29 January 2020.
Erram MM. 2020. Badian has yet to accept canyoneering guests. https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/338043/badian-has-yet-to-accept-canyoneering-guests. Accessed on 31 October 2021.
Feng P, Weagant SD, Grant MA, and Burkhardt W. 2017. Enumeration of Escherichia coli and the Coliform Bacteria. https://www.fda.gov/food/laboratory-methods-food/bam-chapter-4-enumeration-escherichia-coli-and-coliform-bacteria. Accessed on 24 September 2019.
Glińska-Lewczuk K, Gołaś I, Koc J, Gotkowska-Płachta A, Harnisz M and Rochwerger A. 2016. The impact of urban areas on the water quality gradient along a lowland river. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188(11): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5638-z
Hoyer MV, Donze JL, Schulz EJ, Willis DJ and Canfield DE. 2006. Total coliform and Escherichia coli counts in 99 Florida lakes with relations to some common limnological factors. Lake and Reservoir Management, 22(2): 141–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/07438140609353891
Jang J, Hur HG, Sadowsky MJ, Byappanahalli MN, Yan T and Ishii S. 2017. Environmental Escherichia coli: Ecology and public health implications-a review. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 123(3): 570–581. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13468
Kapwata T, Mathee A, Le Roux WJ and Wright CY. 2018. Diarrhoeal disease in relation to possible household risk factors in South African villages. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(8): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081665
Khan K, Lu Y, Saeed MA, Bilal H, Sher H, Khan H, Ali J, Wang P, Uwizeyimana H, Baninla Y, et al. 2018. Prevalent fecal contamination in drinking water resources and potential health risks in Swat, Pakistan. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 72: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2017.12.008
Leclerc H, Mossel DA, Edberg SC and Struijk CB. 2001. Advances in the bacteriology of the coliform group: Their suitability as markers of microbial water safety. Annual Review of Microbiology, 55: 201–234. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.201
Mabvouna RB, Béchir Adogaye SB, Nkamedjie Pete PM, Sanou Sobze M, Kemogne JB and Colizzi V. 2020. Microbiological quality of water sources in the West region of Cameroon: Quantitative detection of total coliforms using Micro Biological Survey method. BMC Public Health, 20(1): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8443-0
Mabvouna RB, Béchir Adogaye SB, Nkamedjie Pete PM, Wondeu ALD, Sanou Sobze M, Kemogne JB and Colizzi V. 2021. Microbiological quality and genotoxicity of domestic water sources: A combined approach using Micro Biological Survey method and mutagenesis assay (micronucleus test) in root tips of Vicia faba in the West region of Cameroon. PLOS ONE, 16(2): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245379
Maturin L and Peeler JT. 2001. Aerobic Plate Count. In: United States Food and Drug Administration. Bacteriological Analytical Manual. https://www.fda.gov/food/laboratory-methods-food/bam-chapter-3-aerobic-plate-count. Accessed on 24 September 2019.
Miao J, Guo X, Liu W, Yang D, Shen Z, Qiu Z, Chen X, Zhang K, Hu H, Yin J, et al. 2018. Total coliforms as an indicator of human enterovirus presence in surface water across Tianjin City, China. BMC Infectious Diseases, 18(1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3438-5
Mwanamoki PM, Devarajan N, Thevenon F, Atibu EK, Tshibanda JB, Ngelinkoto P, Mpiana PT, Prabakar K, Mubedi JI, Kabele CG, et al. 2014. Assessment of pathogenic bacteria in water and sediment from a water reservoir under tropical conditions (Lake Ma Vallée), Kinshasa Democratic Republic of Congo. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186(10): 6821–6830. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-3891-6
Muirhead RW and Meenken ED. 2018. Variability of Escherichia coli concentrations in rivers during base-flow conditions in New Zealand. Journal of Environment Quality, 47(5): 967–973. https://doi:10.2134/jeq2017.11.0458.
Nuez O. 2018. BadianWINKS. The Freeman. https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/the-freeman/20180805/281689730628743. Accessed on 29 January 2020.
O'Flaherty E, Solimini A, Pantanella F and Cummins E. 2019. The potential human exposure to antibiotic resistant-Escherichia coli through recreational water. Science of The Total Environment, 65: 786–795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.018
PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration). 2021. "Climate of the Philippines." https://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/information/climate-philippines. Accessed on 24 November 2021.
Pepper IL, Rusin P, Quintanar DR, Haney C, Josephson KL and Gerba CP. 2004. Tracking the concentration of heterotrophic plate count bacteria from the source to the consumer’s tap. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 92(3): 289–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2003.08.021
Prideaux B and Cooper M. 2009. River Tourism. Wallingford, United Kingdom. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. 288pp.
Ramos S, Silva V, Dapkevicius MdeLE, Caniça M, Tejedor-Junco MT, Igrejas G and Poeta P. 2020. Escherichia coli as commensal and pathogenic bacteria among food-producing animals: Health implications of extended spectrum β-lactamase (Esbl) production. Animals, 10(12): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122239
Rossi A, Wolde BT, Lee LH and Wu M. 2020. Prediction of recreational water safety using Escherichia coli as an indicator: Case study of the Passaic and Pompton Rivers, New Jersey. Science of The Total Environment, 714: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136814
Savage VR, Huang S and Chang TC. 2004. The Singapore River thematic zone: Sustainable tourism in an urban context. The Geographical Journal, 170(3): 212–225 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0016-7398.2004.00121.x
Shittu OB, Olaitan JO and Amusa TS. 2010. Physico-chemical and bacteriological analyses of water used for drinking and swimming purposes in Abeokuta, Nigeria. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 11(3): 285–290. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajbr.v11i3.50739
Song D. 2016. Countermeasure study on sustainable utilization of tourism resources and tourism environmental pollution in coastal areas of the Pearl River Delta, China. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 15(3): 873–879. https://neptjournal.com/upload-images/NL-57-15-(13)G-90.pdf.
Stocker MD, Rodriguez-Valentín JG, Pachepsky YA and Shelton DR. 2016. Spatial and temporal variation of fecal indicator organisms in two creeks in Beltsville, Maryland. Water Quality Research Journal, 51(2): 167–179. https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2016.044
Suthar S, Chhimpa V and Singh S. 2009. Bacterial contamination in drinking water: A case study in rural areas of northern Rajasthan, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 159(1–4): 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0611-0
Troussellier M, Got P, Bouvy M, M’Boup M, Arfi R, Lebihan F, Monfort P, Corbin D and Bernard C. 2004. Water quality and health status of the Senegal River estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 48: 852–862. https://10.1016/j.marpolbul.2003.10.028
Vignesh S, Dahms HU, Emmanuel KV, Gokul MS, Muthukumar K, Kim BR and James RA. 2014. Physicochemical parameters aid microbial community? A case study from marine recreational beaches, Southern India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186: 1875–1887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3501-z
Winter PL, Selin S, Cerveny L and Bricker K. 2019. Outdoor Recreation, nature-based tourism, and sustainability. Sustainability, 12(1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010081
Zhao T, Chen Y, Yao W, Ye B and Song B. 2017. The spatiotemporal distribution of two bacterial indexes in a small Tibetan plateau watershed. Water, 9(11): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9110823
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