Pathogen and pesticide contamination in cabbage grown from, Dalaguete, Cebu, Philippines
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Jun 20, 2022
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Abstract
Food safety is one of the long-sought problems in the world. Chemical and biological characteristics must be considered when evaluating the safety of various food products. This study aimed to assess the food safety of cabbages grown from Mantalongon, Dalaguete, Cebu. Cabbage samples acquired from three different farms in Mantalongon were tested for the presence of Salmonella spp. (and other potentially pathogenic bacteria) and pesticide (cypermethrin) residues. To detect the presence of Salmonella spp., pre-enrichment and enrichment methods were done. For the analysis of cypermethrin residue, samples were subjected to gas chromatography. No putative Salmonella spp. colonies (with a black center) were isolated However, other potentially pathogenic bacteria suspected of Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp., or Shigella sp. were isolated Cypermethrin concentrations (0.006-0.054 mg kg-1) were within the maximum residue limit. Knowing that some vegetables are eaten raw or slightly cooked, consumers are at risk of ingesting residual amounts of pesticides and are prone to bacterial infection. Hence, the food safety of fresh vegetables should be monitored from local farms to markets.
How to Cite
Marquez CAO, Bureros KJC. 2022. Pathogen and pesticide contamination in cabbage grown from, Dalaguete, Cebu, Philippines. The Palawan Scientist. 14(1):51–57. https://doi.org/10.69721/TPS.J.2022.14.1.06.
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Keywords
Brassica oleraceavar. capitata L., cypermethrin, food safety, gas chromatography, Salmonella
References
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Aycicek H, Oguz U and Karci K. 2006. Determination of total aerobic and indicator bacteria on some raw eaten vegetables from wholesalers in Ankara, Turkey. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 209(2): 197201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.07.006
Beuchat LR. 2006. Vectors and conditions for preharvest contamination of fruits and vegetables with pathogens capable of causing enteric diseases. British Food Journal, 108: 38–53. https://doi.org/10.1108/00070700610637625
Bodhidatta L, Srijan A, Serichantalergs O, Bangtrakulnonth A, Wongstitwilairung B, McDaniel P and Mason CJ. 2013. Bacterial pathogens isolated from raw meat and poultry compared with pathogens isolated from children in the same area of rural Thailand. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 44: 259–272.
Calinawan, A, Mendoza CS and Adarna L. 2016. Preliminary study on deltamethrin residues in cabbage, soil and water from Dalaguete, Cebu, Philippines. KIMIKA, 27(1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.26534/kimika.v27i1.1-11
Calinawan A, Paule HB, Adarna L, Villegas LM and Mendoza C. 2017. Pyrethroid pesticides of cabbage-grown area in Dalaguete, Cebu, Philippines. South Pacific Studies, 37(2): 5770.
Collado LS, Corke H and Dizon EI. 2015. Food safety in the Philippines: problems and solutions. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops and Foods, 7: 4556. https://doi.org/10.3920/QAS2014.x008
Crum-Cianflone NF. 2008. Salmonellosis and the gastrointestinal tract: more than just peanut butter. Current Gastroenterology Reports, 10(4): 424–431. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11894-008-0079-7
Davin-Regli A and Pagès JM. 2015. Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae; versatile bacterial pathogens confronting antibiotic treatment. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6: 110. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00392
DOH (Department of Health). 2017. Food and Waterborne Diseases. 6pp. https://doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/statistics/2017%20Food%20and%20Water%20Borne%20Diseases%20MW%201-22.pdf. Accessed on 07 June 2018.
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Evans DJ Jr. and Evans DG. 1996. Escherichia coli in Diarrheal Disease. In: Baron S (ed). Medical Microbiology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7710/. Accessed on 07 June 2018.
Hale TL and Keusch GT. 1996. Shigella. In: Baron S (ed). Medical Microbiology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8038/. Accessed on 07 June 2018.
HiMedia Laboratories. 2015. Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate Agar Technical Data. https://www.himedialabs.com/TD/MH031.pdf. Accessed on 07 June 2018.
Howard ZR, O'Bryan CA, Crandall PG and Ricke SC. 2012. Salmonella enteritidis in shell eggs: current issues and prospects for control. Food Research International, 45: 755–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.04.030
Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2003. Scientific Criteria to Ensure Safe Food. The National Academies Press. 424pp. https://doi.org/10.17226/10690
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 21567. 2004. Microbiology of Food and Animal Feeding Stuffs - Horizontal method for the detection of Shigella spp. https://www.iso.org/standard/34612.html. Accessed on 31 May 2018.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 6579. 2002. Microbiology of Food and Animal Feeding Stuffs - Horizontal method for the detection of Salmonella spp. https://www.iso.org/standard/29315.html. Accessed on 31 May 2018.
Kim U, Moon YJ, Kim JH, Lee SY and Oh SW. 2022. Development of modified enrichment broth for short enrichment and recovery of filter-injured Salmonella Typhimurium. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 362: 16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109497
Kuan CH, Lim LWK, Ting TW, Rukayadi Y, Ahmad SH, Wan Mohamed Radzi CWJ, Thung TY, Ramzi OB, Chang WS, Loo YY, et al. 2017. Comparison of the microbiological quality and safety between conventional and organic vegetables sold in Malaysia. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8: 110. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01433
Lim CA. 2014. Dalaguete's natural pests show results. SunStar Cebu. https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/sunstar-cebu/20140828/281505044395806 Accessed on 12 January 2022.
Liu C, Hofstra N and Franz E. 2013. Impacts of climate change on the microbial safety of pre-harvest leafy green vegetables as indicated by Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella spp. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 163(2–3): 119128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.02.026
Lu JL. 2005. Risk factors to pesticide exposure and associated health symptoms among cut-flower farmers. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 15(3): 161170. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603120500105638
Lu JL. 2012. Pesticide residues in eggplant during dry and wet seasons in Sta. Maria, Pangasinan. Philippine Journal of Crop Science, 37(3): 9398. https://www.cabi.org/gara/mobile/FullTextPDF/2013/20133024416.pdf
National Health and Family Planning Commission of People's Republic of China. 2013. National Food Safety Standard - Pathogen Limits in Food Products. http://cexgan.magrama.es/MODULOS05/Documentos/GB29921-2013-PatogenosEnAlimentos.pdf. Accessed 07 June 2018.
Nisha US, Khan MSI, Prodhan MDH, Meftaul IM, Begum N, Parven A, Shahriar S, Juraimi AS and Hakim MA. 2021. Quantification of pesticide residues in fresh vegetables available in local markets for human consumption and the associated health risks. Agronomy, 11(9): 111. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091804
Odu NN and Okomuda MO. 2013. Prevalence of Salmonella species and Escherichia coli in fresh cabbage and lettuce sold in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria. Report and Opinion, 5(3): 1–8. http://www.dx.doi.org/10.7537/marsroj050313.01
Patel J and Sharma M. 2010. Differences in attachment of Salmonella enterica serovars to cabbage and lettuce leaves. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 139: 41–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.02.005
Quiroz-Santiago C, Rodas-Suárez OR, Carlos RV, Fernández FJ, Quiñones-Ramírez, EI and Vázquez-Salinas C. 2009. Prevalence of Salmonella in vegetables from Mexico. Journal of Food Protection, 72(6): 1279–1282. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.6.1279
Saw SH, Mak JL, Tan MH, Teo ST, Tan TY, Cheow MYK, Ong CA, Chen SN, Yeo SK, Kuan CS, et al. 2020. Detection and quantification of Salmonella in fresh vegetables in Perak, Malaysia. Food Research, 4(4): 441–448. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(2).316
Singh PK, Singh RP, Singh P and Singh RL. 2019. Food Hazards: Physical, Chemical, and Biological. In: Singh RK and Mondal S (eds). Food Safety and Human Health, pp. 15–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-816333-7.00002-3
Threlfall EJ. 2002. Antimicrobial drug resistance in Salmonella: problems and perspectives in food- and waterborne infections. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 26(2): 141–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00606.x
Vital PG, Dimasuay KGB, Widmer KW and Rivera WL. 2014. Microbiological quality of fresh produce from open air markets and supermarkets in the Philippines. The Scientific World Journal, 2014: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/219534
Zhang ZY, Liu XJ, Yu XY, Zhang CZ and Hong XY. 2007. Pesticide residues in the spring cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) grown in open field. Food Control, 18(6): 723730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2006.04.001
Akomea-Frempong S, Ofosu IW, Owusu-Ansah EdGJ and Darko G. 2017. Health risks due to consumption of pesticides in ready-to-eat vegetables (salads) in Kumasi, Ghana. Food Contamination, 4: 111. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40550-017-0058-6
Andrews WH, Wang H, Jacobson A, Ge B, Zhang G and Hammack T. 2018. Salmonella. In: United States Food and Drug Administration. Bacteriological Analytical Manual. https://www.fda.gov/food/laboratory-methods-food/bam-chapter-5-salmonella. Accessed on 31 March 2018.
Aycicek H, Oguz U and Karci K. 2006. Determination of total aerobic and indicator bacteria on some raw eaten vegetables from wholesalers in Ankara, Turkey. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 209(2): 197201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.07.006
Beuchat LR. 2006. Vectors and conditions for preharvest contamination of fruits and vegetables with pathogens capable of causing enteric diseases. British Food Journal, 108: 38–53. https://doi.org/10.1108/00070700610637625
Bodhidatta L, Srijan A, Serichantalergs O, Bangtrakulnonth A, Wongstitwilairung B, McDaniel P and Mason CJ. 2013. Bacterial pathogens isolated from raw meat and poultry compared with pathogens isolated from children in the same area of rural Thailand. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 44: 259–272.
Calinawan, A, Mendoza CS and Adarna L. 2016. Preliminary study on deltamethrin residues in cabbage, soil and water from Dalaguete, Cebu, Philippines. KIMIKA, 27(1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.26534/kimika.v27i1.1-11
Calinawan A, Paule HB, Adarna L, Villegas LM and Mendoza C. 2017. Pyrethroid pesticides of cabbage-grown area in Dalaguete, Cebu, Philippines. South Pacific Studies, 37(2): 5770.
Collado LS, Corke H and Dizon EI. 2015. Food safety in the Philippines: problems and solutions. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops and Foods, 7: 4556. https://doi.org/10.3920/QAS2014.x008
Crum-Cianflone NF. 2008. Salmonellosis and the gastrointestinal tract: more than just peanut butter. Current Gastroenterology Reports, 10(4): 424–431. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11894-008-0079-7
Davin-Regli A and Pagès JM. 2015. Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae; versatile bacterial pathogens confronting antibiotic treatment. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6: 110. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00392
DOH (Department of Health). 2017. Food and Waterborne Diseases. 6pp. https://doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/statistics/2017%20Food%20and%20Water%20Borne%20Diseases%20MW%201-22.pdf. Accessed on 07 June 2018.
European Commission. 2022. Maximum Residue Levels. https://ec.europa.eu/food/plants/pesticides/maximum-residue-levels_en. Accessed 07 January 2022.
Evans DJ Jr. and Evans DG. 1996. Escherichia coli in Diarrheal Disease. In: Baron S (ed). Medical Microbiology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7710/. Accessed on 07 June 2018.
Hale TL and Keusch GT. 1996. Shigella. In: Baron S (ed). Medical Microbiology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8038/. Accessed on 07 June 2018.
HiMedia Laboratories. 2015. Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate Agar Technical Data. https://www.himedialabs.com/TD/MH031.pdf. Accessed on 07 June 2018.
Howard ZR, O'Bryan CA, Crandall PG and Ricke SC. 2012. Salmonella enteritidis in shell eggs: current issues and prospects for control. Food Research International, 45: 755–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.04.030
Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2003. Scientific Criteria to Ensure Safe Food. The National Academies Press. 424pp. https://doi.org/10.17226/10690
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 21567. 2004. Microbiology of Food and Animal Feeding Stuffs - Horizontal method for the detection of Shigella spp. https://www.iso.org/standard/34612.html. Accessed on 31 May 2018.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 6579. 2002. Microbiology of Food and Animal Feeding Stuffs - Horizontal method for the detection of Salmonella spp. https://www.iso.org/standard/29315.html. Accessed on 31 May 2018.
Kim U, Moon YJ, Kim JH, Lee SY and Oh SW. 2022. Development of modified enrichment broth for short enrichment and recovery of filter-injured Salmonella Typhimurium. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 362: 16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109497
Kuan CH, Lim LWK, Ting TW, Rukayadi Y, Ahmad SH, Wan Mohamed Radzi CWJ, Thung TY, Ramzi OB, Chang WS, Loo YY, et al. 2017. Comparison of the microbiological quality and safety between conventional and organic vegetables sold in Malaysia. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8: 110. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01433
Lim CA. 2014. Dalaguete's natural pests show results. SunStar Cebu. https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/sunstar-cebu/20140828/281505044395806 Accessed on 12 January 2022.
Liu C, Hofstra N and Franz E. 2013. Impacts of climate change on the microbial safety of pre-harvest leafy green vegetables as indicated by Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella spp. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 163(2–3): 119128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.02.026
Lu JL. 2005. Risk factors to pesticide exposure and associated health symptoms among cut-flower farmers. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 15(3): 161170. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603120500105638
Lu JL. 2012. Pesticide residues in eggplant during dry and wet seasons in Sta. Maria, Pangasinan. Philippine Journal of Crop Science, 37(3): 9398. https://www.cabi.org/gara/mobile/FullTextPDF/2013/20133024416.pdf
National Health and Family Planning Commission of People's Republic of China. 2013. National Food Safety Standard - Pathogen Limits in Food Products. http://cexgan.magrama.es/MODULOS05/Documentos/GB29921-2013-PatogenosEnAlimentos.pdf. Accessed 07 June 2018.
Nisha US, Khan MSI, Prodhan MDH, Meftaul IM, Begum N, Parven A, Shahriar S, Juraimi AS and Hakim MA. 2021. Quantification of pesticide residues in fresh vegetables available in local markets for human consumption and the associated health risks. Agronomy, 11(9): 111. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091804
Odu NN and Okomuda MO. 2013. Prevalence of Salmonella species and Escherichia coli in fresh cabbage and lettuce sold in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria. Report and Opinion, 5(3): 1–8. http://www.dx.doi.org/10.7537/marsroj050313.01
Patel J and Sharma M. 2010. Differences in attachment of Salmonella enterica serovars to cabbage and lettuce leaves. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 139: 41–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.02.005
Quiroz-Santiago C, Rodas-Suárez OR, Carlos RV, Fernández FJ, Quiñones-Ramírez, EI and Vázquez-Salinas C. 2009. Prevalence of Salmonella in vegetables from Mexico. Journal of Food Protection, 72(6): 1279–1282. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.6.1279
Saw SH, Mak JL, Tan MH, Teo ST, Tan TY, Cheow MYK, Ong CA, Chen SN, Yeo SK, Kuan CS, et al. 2020. Detection and quantification of Salmonella in fresh vegetables in Perak, Malaysia. Food Research, 4(4): 441–448. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(2).316
Singh PK, Singh RP, Singh P and Singh RL. 2019. Food Hazards: Physical, Chemical, and Biological. In: Singh RK and Mondal S (eds). Food Safety and Human Health, pp. 15–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-816333-7.00002-3
Threlfall EJ. 2002. Antimicrobial drug resistance in Salmonella: problems and perspectives in food- and waterborne infections. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 26(2): 141–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00606.x
Vital PG, Dimasuay KGB, Widmer KW and Rivera WL. 2014. Microbiological quality of fresh produce from open air markets and supermarkets in the Philippines. The Scientific World Journal, 2014: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/219534
Zhang ZY, Liu XJ, Yu XY, Zhang CZ and Hong XY. 2007. Pesticide residues in the spring cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) grown in open field. Food Control, 18(6): 723730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2006.04.001
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