Biological performance of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) fingerlings fed with raw chicken entrails
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Dec 15, 2021
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Abstract
The African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) grows fast, feeds on a large variety of agriculture by-products and can be raised in high densities resulting in high net yields. It is therefore considered as a good candidate for aquaculture. Generally, the increasing aquaculture activities worldwide led to a more expensive feed costs, thus looking for alternative and cheaper feeds coupled with optimum feeding rate is a focus in aquaculture research field. This study therefore aimed to determine the most efficient feeding rate and the potential of raw chicken entrails as feeds for C. gariepinus in terms of fish weight increment (WI), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survival rate (SR). Clarias gariepinus were fed with chopped raw chicken entrails at three different feeding rates (3%, 4% and 5%) based on the average weight for 60 days. The fish weight continually increased regardless of the feeding rate, but generally, those that were fed at 4% and 5% of the body weight showed significantly higher WG (g), SGR (% day-1) and better FCR. Regardless of the feeding rate, all fish attained 100% SR. The feeding rate of 4% is recommended due to its similar WI with those fed at 5% but showed better FCR at the end of the culture.
How to Cite
Naorbe MC. 2021. Biological performance of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) fingerlings fed with raw chicken entrails. The Palawan Scientist. 13(2):13–24. https://doi.org/10.69721/TPS.J.2021.13.2.02.
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References
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Akand AM, Soeb M, Hasan MR and Kibria MG. 1991. Nutritional requirements of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Effect of dietary protein on growth, food conversion and body composition. Agriculture International, 1: 35-43.
Ali M, Nicieza A and Wootton RJ. 2003. Compensatory growth in fishes: a response to growth depression. Fish and Fisheries, 4: 147– 190.
Anderson MJ and Fast AW. 1991. Temperature and feed rate effects on Chinese catfish, Clarias fuscus (Lacepede), growth. Aquaculture Research, 22: 443–445. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1991.tb00756.x
Bhadra A, Hossain MA, Kamal M and Ahmed GU. 1997. Growth and survival of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) on formulated feed. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Science, 24(1): 123-129.
Borghetti JR and Canzi C. 1993. The effect of water temperature and feeding rate on the growth rate of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) raised in cages. Aquaculture, 114: 93-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(93)90253-U
Cho SH, Lim YS, Lee JH and Park S. 2003. Effect of feeding rate and feeding frequency on survival, growth, and body composition of ayu post-larvae Plecoglossus altivelis. Journal of World Aquaculture Society, 34(1): 85–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2003.tb00042.x
Craig S and Helfrich LA. 2009. Understanding Fish Nutrition, Feeds and Feeding. Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, 256-420pp.
Dong-Fang D, Koshio S, Yokoyama S, Bai SC, Shao Q, Cui Y and Hung SSO. 2003. Effects of feeding rate on growth performance of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) larvae. Aquaculture, 217(1-4): 589-598.
Eroldogan OT, Kumlu M and Aktas M. 2004. Optimum feeding rates for European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax L. reared in seawater and freshwater. Aquaculture, 231(1-4) :501–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.10.020
Goos HJT and Richter CJJ. 1996. Internal and External Factors Controlling Reproduction in the African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus. In: Legendre M and Proteau JP (eds). The Biology and Culture of Catfishes. Aquatic Living Resources 9, pp. 45–58.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2010. Cultured Aquatic Species Information Program Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Rome. 13pp.
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Hender A, Siddik MAB, Howieson J and Fotedar R. 2021. Black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens as an alternative to fishmeal protein and fish oil: impact on growth, immune response, mucosal barrier status, and flesh quality of juvenile Barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790). Biology, 10(6): 505. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10060505
Manuel E, Gutierrez R and Naorbe M. 2020. Water lettuce and water spinach as potential feed ingredients for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. The Palawan Scientist, 12: 126-140.
Marimuthu K, Umah R, Muralikrishnan S, Xavier R and Kathiresan S. 2011. Effect of different feed application rate on growth, survival and cannibalism of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 23(4): 330-337.
Mihelakakis A, Tsolkas C and Yoshimatsu T. 2007. Optimization of feeding rate for hatchery-produced juvenile gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 33(2): 169-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2002.tb00491.x
Nahar Z, Azad Shah AKM, Bhandari RK, Ali MH and Dewan S. 2000. Effect of different feeds on growth, survival and production of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell). Bangladesh Journal of Fisheries Research, 4(2): 121-126.
Navarro I and Gutierrez J. 1995. Fasting and Starvation. In: Hochachka PW and Mommsen TP (eds). Metabolic Biochemistry. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Fishes. Elsevier, pp. 393–434.
Ng WK, Lu KS, Hashim R and Ali A. 2000. Effects of feeding rate on growth, feed utilization and body composition of tropical bagrid catfish. Aquaculture International, 8: 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009216831360
Nhu TT, Dewulf J, Serruys P, Huysveld S, Nguyen VC, Sorgeloos P and Schaubroeck T. 2015. Resource use efficiency of aquaculture partially fed with pig manure, fresh or processed through anaerobic digestion. In: Aquaculture 2015, Abstract. Presented at the Aquaculture 2015: Cutting edge science in aquaculture, Montpellier, France.
Ockerman HW and Basu L. 2004. By-products. In: Jensen, WK, Devine C and Dikeman M (eds). Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences. Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam, London, pp. 104-112.
PSA (Philippine Statistics Authority). 2019. Chicken situation report (January-December 2018). Philippines. 32pp.
PSA (Philippine Statistics Authority). 2021. Aquaculture: Volume of Production by Species, Geolocation, Year and Quarter. OpenSTAT Database. https://openstat.psa.gov.ph/PXWeb/pxweb/en/DB/DB__2E__FS/0072E4GVAP0.px/?rxid=bdf9d8da-96f1-4100-ae09-18cb3eaeb313t. Accessed on 12 June 2021.
Robinson EH and Li MH. 2007. Effect of dietary protein concentration and feeding rate on weight gain, feed efficiency, and body composition of pond-raised channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 30(3): 311–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1999.tb00681.x
Seong PN, Cho SH, Park KM, Kang GH, Park BY, Moon SS and Ba HV. 2015. Characterization of chicken by-products by mean of proximate and nutritional compositions. Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources, 35(2): 179-188. https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2015.35.2.179
Sun L, Chen H, Huang L and Wang Z. 2006. Growth, faecal production, nitrogenous excretion and energy budget of juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum) relative to feed type and ration level. Aquaculture, 259 (1-4): 211–221.
Tiamiyu LO, Okomoda VT and Agbo HE. 2018. The effect of different feeding rates and restriction on the growth performance of Clarias gariepinus. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 17(4): 840-847. https://doi.org/10.22092/ijfs.2018.116811
USAID (United States Agency International Development). 2011. Helping address rural vulnerabilities and ecosystem stability (HARVEST). Technical bulletin #07.
Uys W. 1989. Aspects of the nutritional physiology and dietary requirements of juvenile and adult sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Pisces: Clariidae). Doctor of Philosophy, Rhodes University, South Africa. 195pp.
Akand AM, Soeb M, Hasan MR and Kibria MG. 1991. Nutritional requirements of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Effect of dietary protein on growth, food conversion and body composition. Agriculture International, 1: 35-43.
Ali M, Nicieza A and Wootton RJ. 2003. Compensatory growth in fishes: a response to growth depression. Fish and Fisheries, 4: 147– 190.
Anderson MJ and Fast AW. 1991. Temperature and feed rate effects on Chinese catfish, Clarias fuscus (Lacepede), growth. Aquaculture Research, 22: 443–445. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1991.tb00756.x
Bhadra A, Hossain MA, Kamal M and Ahmed GU. 1997. Growth and survival of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) on formulated feed. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Science, 24(1): 123-129.
Borghetti JR and Canzi C. 1993. The effect of water temperature and feeding rate on the growth rate of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) raised in cages. Aquaculture, 114: 93-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(93)90253-U
Cho SH, Lim YS, Lee JH and Park S. 2003. Effect of feeding rate and feeding frequency on survival, growth, and body composition of ayu post-larvae Plecoglossus altivelis. Journal of World Aquaculture Society, 34(1): 85–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2003.tb00042.x
Craig S and Helfrich LA. 2009. Understanding Fish Nutrition, Feeds and Feeding. Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, 256-420pp.
Dong-Fang D, Koshio S, Yokoyama S, Bai SC, Shao Q, Cui Y and Hung SSO. 2003. Effects of feeding rate on growth performance of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) larvae. Aquaculture, 217(1-4): 589-598.
Eroldogan OT, Kumlu M and Aktas M. 2004. Optimum feeding rates for European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax L. reared in seawater and freshwater. Aquaculture, 231(1-4) :501–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.10.020
Goos HJT and Richter CJJ. 1996. Internal and External Factors Controlling Reproduction in the African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus. In: Legendre M and Proteau JP (eds). The Biology and Culture of Catfishes. Aquatic Living Resources 9, pp. 45–58.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2010. Cultured Aquatic Species Information Program Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Rome. 13pp.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 2003.World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030-An FAO perspective, Rome. 444pp.
Hender A, Siddik MAB, Howieson J and Fotedar R. 2021. Black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens as an alternative to fishmeal protein and fish oil: impact on growth, immune response, mucosal barrier status, and flesh quality of juvenile Barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790). Biology, 10(6): 505. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10060505
Manuel E, Gutierrez R and Naorbe M. 2020. Water lettuce and water spinach as potential feed ingredients for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. The Palawan Scientist, 12: 126-140.
Marimuthu K, Umah R, Muralikrishnan S, Xavier R and Kathiresan S. 2011. Effect of different feed application rate on growth, survival and cannibalism of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 23(4): 330-337.
Mihelakakis A, Tsolkas C and Yoshimatsu T. 2007. Optimization of feeding rate for hatchery-produced juvenile gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 33(2): 169-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2002.tb00491.x
Nahar Z, Azad Shah AKM, Bhandari RK, Ali MH and Dewan S. 2000. Effect of different feeds on growth, survival and production of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell). Bangladesh Journal of Fisheries Research, 4(2): 121-126.
Navarro I and Gutierrez J. 1995. Fasting and Starvation. In: Hochachka PW and Mommsen TP (eds). Metabolic Biochemistry. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Fishes. Elsevier, pp. 393–434.
Ng WK, Lu KS, Hashim R and Ali A. 2000. Effects of feeding rate on growth, feed utilization and body composition of tropical bagrid catfish. Aquaculture International, 8: 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009216831360
Nhu TT, Dewulf J, Serruys P, Huysveld S, Nguyen VC, Sorgeloos P and Schaubroeck T. 2015. Resource use efficiency of aquaculture partially fed with pig manure, fresh or processed through anaerobic digestion. In: Aquaculture 2015, Abstract. Presented at the Aquaculture 2015: Cutting edge science in aquaculture, Montpellier, France.
Ockerman HW and Basu L. 2004. By-products. In: Jensen, WK, Devine C and Dikeman M (eds). Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences. Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam, London, pp. 104-112.
PSA (Philippine Statistics Authority). 2019. Chicken situation report (January-December 2018). Philippines. 32pp.
PSA (Philippine Statistics Authority). 2021. Aquaculture: Volume of Production by Species, Geolocation, Year and Quarter. OpenSTAT Database. https://openstat.psa.gov.ph/PXWeb/pxweb/en/DB/DB__2E__FS/0072E4GVAP0.px/?rxid=bdf9d8da-96f1-4100-ae09-18cb3eaeb313t. Accessed on 12 June 2021.
Robinson EH and Li MH. 2007. Effect of dietary protein concentration and feeding rate on weight gain, feed efficiency, and body composition of pond-raised channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 30(3): 311–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1999.tb00681.x
Seong PN, Cho SH, Park KM, Kang GH, Park BY, Moon SS and Ba HV. 2015. Characterization of chicken by-products by mean of proximate and nutritional compositions. Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources, 35(2): 179-188. https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2015.35.2.179
Sun L, Chen H, Huang L and Wang Z. 2006. Growth, faecal production, nitrogenous excretion and energy budget of juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum) relative to feed type and ration level. Aquaculture, 259 (1-4): 211–221.
Tiamiyu LO, Okomoda VT and Agbo HE. 2018. The effect of different feeding rates and restriction on the growth performance of Clarias gariepinus. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 17(4): 840-847. https://doi.org/10.22092/ijfs.2018.116811
USAID (United States Agency International Development). 2011. Helping address rural vulnerabilities and ecosystem stability (HARVEST). Technical bulletin #07.
Uys W. 1989. Aspects of the nutritional physiology and dietary requirements of juvenile and adult sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Pisces: Clariidae). Doctor of Philosophy, Rhodes University, South Africa. 195pp.
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