Water lettuce and water spinach as potential feed ingredients for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus
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Published
Jul 29, 2020
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Abstract
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is an omnivore and is considered as one of the important aquaculture commodities. Different plant-based ingredients like corn, “ipil-ipil” leaves and even micro and macroalgae were already tested to reduce the cost on the use of animal-based protein source. This preliminary study therefore, is an attempt to assess the potential of water lettuce and water spinach as feed ingredients through average body weight (ABW), specific growth rate (SGR), survival rate and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of juvenile O. niloticus. Three treatments [water lettuce (WL), water spinach (WS), water lettuce and water spinach (WL+WS)] were prepared in the form of three different diets [Diet 1 (1:1 water lettuce: fish meal), Diet 2 (1:1 water spinach: fish meal) and Diet 3 (1:0.5:0.5) (fish meal: water lettuce: water spinach)] each replicated thrice and fed to tilapia for 60 days. Tilapia growth showed no significant differences in all diets. The diet with water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) significantly improved the SGR. Based on the result, the I. aquatica could be included both in a simple or complex diet together with water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes). It took 30 days for O. niloticus to adjust to the introduced diets as reflected to their survival rate but the FCR was higher when fed with the test diets compared to the recorded commercially-fed tilapia. Overall, I. aquatica has an excellent performance for O. niloticus culture.
How to Cite
Manuel ED, Gutierrez RB, Naorbe MC. 2020. Water lettuce and water spinach as potential feed ingredients for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. The Palawan Scientist. 12:126–140. https://doi.org/10.69721/TPS.J.2020.12.1.09.
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Keywords
Cichlid, Pistia stratiotes, Ipomoea aquatica, ABW, SGR, FCR
References
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Ayoade GO, Sharma BM and Sridhar MKC. 1982. Trials of Pistia stratiotes L. as animal feed. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 20: 56-57.
Bahnasawy M, Abdel-Baky TE and Abd-Allah GA. 2003. Growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings raised in an earthen pond. Archives of Polish Fisheries, 11(2): 277-285.
Banerjee A and Matai S. 1990. Composition of Indian aquatic plants in relation to utilization as animal forage. Journal in Aquatic Plant Management, 28: 69-73.
Bhosale SV, Bhilave MP and Nadaf SB. 2010. Formulation of fish feed using ingredients from plant sources. Research Journal of Agricultural Science, 1(3): 284-287.
Bleakly S and Hayes M. 2017. Algal proteins: extraction, application, and challenges concerning production. Foods, 6: 1-33. DOI: 10.3390/foods6050033.
Bolivar RB, Jimenez EBT and Sayco RMV. 2011. Supplemental feeding of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) in fertilized ponds using combined feed reduction strategies. 9th International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China April 21-25, 2011.
Borgeson TL. 2005. Effect of replacing fish meal with simple or complex mixtures of vegetable ingredients in diets fed to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). MS in Animal and Poultry Science. University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. 126pp.
Borgeson TL, Racz VJ, Wilkie DC, White LJ and Drew MD. 2006. Effect of replacing fish meal and oil with simple or complex mixtures of vegetable ingredients in diets fed to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture Nutrition, 12: 141-149. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2095.2006.00394.x.
Bowen SH, Lutz EV and Ahlgren MO. 1998. Dietary protein and energy as determinants of food quality: trophic strategies compared. Ecology, 76: 899-907.
Caipang CMA, Mabuhay-Omar J and Gonzales-Plasus MM. 2019. Plant and fruit waste products as phytogenic feed additives in aquaculture. AACL Bioflux, 12(1): 261-268.
Chavez HM, Casao EA, Villanueva EP, Paras MP, Guinto MC and Mosqueda MB. 2006. Heavy metal and microbial analyses of Janitor fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.) in Laguna de Bay, Philippines. Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 9(2): 31-40.
Dioundick ON and Stom DI. 1990. Effect of dietary a-cellulos levels on the juvenile tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). Aquaculture,91: 311-315.
Figueiredo-Silva C, Lemme A, Sangsue D and Kiriratnikom S. 2015. Effect of DL-methionine supplementation on the success of almost total replacement of fish meal with soybean meal in diets for hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochrmomis mossambicus). Aquaculture Nutrition, 21: 234-241.
Glencross B. 2009. The influence of soluble and insoluble lupin non-starch polysaccharides on the digestibility of diets fed to Rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 294: 96-107.
Gonzalez-Salas R, Romero-Cruz O, Valdivie-Navarro M and Ponce-Palafox JT. 2014. Los productos y subproductos vegetales, animals y agroindustriales: Una alternative para la alimentacion de la tilapia. Revista Biociencias, 2: 240-251.
Hajen WE, Higgs DA, Beames RM and Dosanjh BS. 1993. Digestibility of various food stuffs by post juvenile Chinook salmon (Onchorynchus tshawytscha) in sea water. In Validation of technique. Aquaculture, 167: 259-272.
Hassaan MS, Soltan MA and Abdel-Moez AM. 2015. Nutritive value of soybean meal after solid state fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevesiae for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 201: 89-98.
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Jimoh AO, Namadi MM, Ado K and Muktar B. 2016. Proximate and ultimate analysis of Eichornia natans (Water Hyacinth), Pistia stratiotes (Water Lettuce) and Nymphaea lotus (Water Lily) in the production of biofuel. Advances in Applied Science Research, 7(4): 243-249.
Khalifa NSA, Belal IEH, El-Tarabily KA, Tariq S and Kassab AA. 2017. Evaluation of replacing fish meal with corn protein concentrate in Nile tilapia Oreocrhomis niloticus fingerlings commercial diet. Aquaculture Nutrition, 00: 1-10. DOI: 10.1111/anu.12542.
Koprucu K and Ozdemir Y. 2005. Apparent digestibility of selected feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 50: 308-316.
Lanna EAT, Pezzato LE, Cecon PR, Furuya WM and Bomfim MAD. 2004. Apparent digestibility and gastrointestinal transit in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in function of the dietary fiber. The Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 33: 2186-2192. DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v34i1.12083.
Li MH, Oberle DF, Lucas PM. 2012. Effects of dietary fiber concentrations supplied by corn bran on feed intake, growth, and feed efficiency of Channel catfish. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 74: 148-153. DOI: 10.1080/15222055.2012.672374.
Llanes J and Toledo J. 2011. Desempeno productive de la tilapia del Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) con la inclusion de altos niveles de harena de soya en la dieta. Revista Cubana de Ciencia Agricola, 45: 183-186.
Magouz FI, Eweedah NM, Khalafalla M, Seham M and Abouzeid A. 2016. Nutritional evaluation of Moringa oleifera leaves as unconventional feed stuff in the diets of the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Journal of Agricultural Research, 42(4): 144-155.
Martinez-Cordova LR, Martinez-Porchas M, Coelho-Emerenciano MG, Miranda-Baeza A and Gollas-Galvan T. 2016. From microbes to fish the next revolution in food production. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 37: 287-295. DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2016.1144043.
Montoya-Camacho N, Marquez-Rios E, Castillo-Yanez J, Lopez JLC, Lopez-Elias JA, Ruiz-Cruz S, Jimenez-Ruiz EI, Rivas-Vega ME and Ocano-Higuera VM. 2018. Advances in the use of alternative protein sources for tilapia feeding. Reviews in Aquaculture, 0: 1-12. DOI: 10.1111/raq.12243.
Nakkina M. 2016. Study of growth rate in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development, 7(8): 440. DOI: 10.4172/2155-9546.1000440.
Naorbe MC, Garibay SS and Serrano AE. 2015. Simultaneous replacement of protein, vitamins and minerals by Chaetoceros calcitrans paste in the diet of the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) larvae. Animal Biology and Animal Husbandry Bioflux, 7(1): 28-36.
Naorbe MC and Serrano AE. 2018. Effects of heavy metals on cell density, size, specific growth rate and cholorphyll a of Tetraselmis tetrathele under controlled laboratory conditions. AACL Bioflux, 11(3): 589-597.
Nnaji JC, Okoye FC and Omeje VO. 2010. Screening of leaf meals as feed supplements in the culture of Oreochromis niloticus. African Journal of Food Agriculture Nutrition and Development, 10(2): 2112-2123.
Ogunji J, Toor RS, Schulz C and Kloas W. 2008. Growth performance, nutrient utilization of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fed housefly maggot meal (magmeal) diets. Turkish Journal and Aquatic Sciences, 8: 141-147.
Pinandoyo HJ, Darmanta ROK and Herawati VE. 2019. Growth and nutrient value of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed with Lemna minor meal based on different fermentation time. AACL Bioflux, 12(1): 191-200.
Plaipetch P and Yakupitiyage A. 2014. Effect of replacing soybean meal with yeast-fermented canola meal on growth and nutrient retention of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1975). Aquaculture Research, 45: 1744-1753. DOI:10.1111/are.12119.
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Putri NT, Jusadi D, Setiawati M and Sunarno MTD. 2017. Potential use of green algae Caulerpa lentillifera as feed ingredient in the diet of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia, 16(2): 195-203. DOI: 10.19027/jai.16.2.184-192.
Ritcher N, Siddhuraju P and Becker K. 2003. Evaluation of nutritional quality of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves as alternative protein source for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Aquaculture, 217: 599-611. DOI: 10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00497-0.
Robiana L, Moyano FJ, Izquierdo MS, Socorro J, Vergara JM and Montero D. 1997. Corn gluten and meat and bone meals as protein sources in diets for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata): nutritional and histological implication. Aquaculture, 151: 347-359.
Rodriguez R, Julio C and Palma J. 2000. Nutritive value of Water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) and its possibility in Animal Feed. Zootechnia Tropical, 18(2): 213-226.
Saha S, Roy RN, Sen SK and Ray AK. 2006. Characterization of cellulose-producing bacteria from the digestive tract of tilapia, Oreochromis mossambica (Peters) and grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes). Aquaculture Research, 37: 380-388.
Sarker PK, Kapuscinski AR, Bae AY, Donaldson E, Sitek AJ, Fitzgerald DS and Edelson OS. 2018. Towards sustainable aquafeeds: Evaluating substitution of fishmeal with lipid-extracted microalgal co-product (Nannochloropsis oculata) in diets of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). PLos ONE, 13(7): e0201315. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201315.
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Shiau SY, Kwok CC, Chen CJ, Hong HT and Hsieh HB. 1989. Effects of dietary fibre on the intestinal absorption of dextrin, blood sugar level and growth of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus. Journal of Fish Biology, 34: 929-935.
Singh P, Paul BN and Giri SS. 2018. Potentiality of new feed ingredients for aquaculture: A review. Agriculture Reviews, 39(4): 282-291. DOI: 10.18805/ag.R-1819.
Singh P, Paul BN, Rana GC and Giri SS. 2016. Evaluation of Jute leaf as feed ingredient for Labeo rohita fingerlings. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 33(2): 203-207. DOI: 10.5958/2231-6744.2016.00034.7.
Song HL, Liu Y, Dong XH and Chowdhury KMA. 2015. Dietary protease improves immune responses in Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. International Aquafeed May-June 2015. https://www.slideshare.net/IntAquafeed/iaf1503-f7. Accesses on 15 March 2020.
Song Z, Li H, Wang J, Li P, Sun Y and Zhang L. 2014. Effects of fish meal replacement with soy protein hydrolysates on growth performance, blood chemistry, gastrointestinal digestion and muscle composition of juvenile starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus). Aquaculture, 426: 96-104. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.01.002.
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Ayoade GO, Sharma BM and Sridhar MKC. 1982. Trials of Pistia stratiotes L. as animal feed. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 20: 56-57.
Bahnasawy M, Abdel-Baky TE and Abd-Allah GA. 2003. Growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings raised in an earthen pond. Archives of Polish Fisheries, 11(2): 277-285.
Banerjee A and Matai S. 1990. Composition of Indian aquatic plants in relation to utilization as animal forage. Journal in Aquatic Plant Management, 28: 69-73.
Bhosale SV, Bhilave MP and Nadaf SB. 2010. Formulation of fish feed using ingredients from plant sources. Research Journal of Agricultural Science, 1(3): 284-287.
Bleakly S and Hayes M. 2017. Algal proteins: extraction, application, and challenges concerning production. Foods, 6: 1-33. DOI: 10.3390/foods6050033.
Bolivar RB, Jimenez EBT and Sayco RMV. 2011. Supplemental feeding of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) in fertilized ponds using combined feed reduction strategies. 9th International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China April 21-25, 2011.
Borgeson TL. 2005. Effect of replacing fish meal with simple or complex mixtures of vegetable ingredients in diets fed to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). MS in Animal and Poultry Science. University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. 126pp.
Borgeson TL, Racz VJ, Wilkie DC, White LJ and Drew MD. 2006. Effect of replacing fish meal and oil with simple or complex mixtures of vegetable ingredients in diets fed to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture Nutrition, 12: 141-149. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2095.2006.00394.x.
Bowen SH, Lutz EV and Ahlgren MO. 1998. Dietary protein and energy as determinants of food quality: trophic strategies compared. Ecology, 76: 899-907.
Caipang CMA, Mabuhay-Omar J and Gonzales-Plasus MM. 2019. Plant and fruit waste products as phytogenic feed additives in aquaculture. AACL Bioflux, 12(1): 261-268.
Chavez HM, Casao EA, Villanueva EP, Paras MP, Guinto MC and Mosqueda MB. 2006. Heavy metal and microbial analyses of Janitor fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.) in Laguna de Bay, Philippines. Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 9(2): 31-40.
Dioundick ON and Stom DI. 1990. Effect of dietary a-cellulos levels on the juvenile tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). Aquaculture,91: 311-315.
Figueiredo-Silva C, Lemme A, Sangsue D and Kiriratnikom S. 2015. Effect of DL-methionine supplementation on the success of almost total replacement of fish meal with soybean meal in diets for hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochrmomis mossambicus). Aquaculture Nutrition, 21: 234-241.
Glencross B. 2009. The influence of soluble and insoluble lupin non-starch polysaccharides on the digestibility of diets fed to Rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 294: 96-107.
Gonzalez-Salas R, Romero-Cruz O, Valdivie-Navarro M and Ponce-Palafox JT. 2014. Los productos y subproductos vegetales, animals y agroindustriales: Una alternative para la alimentacion de la tilapia. Revista Biociencias, 2: 240-251.
Hajen WE, Higgs DA, Beames RM and Dosanjh BS. 1993. Digestibility of various food stuffs by post juvenile Chinook salmon (Onchorynchus tshawytscha) in sea water. In Validation of technique. Aquaculture, 167: 259-272.
Hassaan MS, Soltan MA and Abdel-Moez AM. 2015. Nutritive value of soybean meal after solid state fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevesiae for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 201: 89-98.
Hilton JW, Atkinson JL and Slinger SJ. 1983. Effect of increased dietary fiber on the growth of Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Canadian Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 40: 81-85.
Hlophe SN and Moyo NAG. 2011. The effect of different plant diets on the growth performance, gastric evacuation rate and carcass composition of Tilapia rendalli. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 6(10): 1001-1009. DOI:10.3923/ajava.2011.1001.1009.
Jimoh AO, Namadi MM, Ado K and Muktar B. 2016. Proximate and ultimate analysis of Eichornia natans (Water Hyacinth), Pistia stratiotes (Water Lettuce) and Nymphaea lotus (Water Lily) in the production of biofuel. Advances in Applied Science Research, 7(4): 243-249.
Khalifa NSA, Belal IEH, El-Tarabily KA, Tariq S and Kassab AA. 2017. Evaluation of replacing fish meal with corn protein concentrate in Nile tilapia Oreocrhomis niloticus fingerlings commercial diet. Aquaculture Nutrition, 00: 1-10. DOI: 10.1111/anu.12542.
Koprucu K and Ozdemir Y. 2005. Apparent digestibility of selected feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 50: 308-316.
Lanna EAT, Pezzato LE, Cecon PR, Furuya WM and Bomfim MAD. 2004. Apparent digestibility and gastrointestinal transit in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in function of the dietary fiber. The Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 33: 2186-2192. DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v34i1.12083.
Li MH, Oberle DF, Lucas PM. 2012. Effects of dietary fiber concentrations supplied by corn bran on feed intake, growth, and feed efficiency of Channel catfish. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 74: 148-153. DOI: 10.1080/15222055.2012.672374.
Llanes J and Toledo J. 2011. Desempeno productive de la tilapia del Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) con la inclusion de altos niveles de harena de soya en la dieta. Revista Cubana de Ciencia Agricola, 45: 183-186.
Magouz FI, Eweedah NM, Khalafalla M, Seham M and Abouzeid A. 2016. Nutritional evaluation of Moringa oleifera leaves as unconventional feed stuff in the diets of the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Journal of Agricultural Research, 42(4): 144-155.
Martinez-Cordova LR, Martinez-Porchas M, Coelho-Emerenciano MG, Miranda-Baeza A and Gollas-Galvan T. 2016. From microbes to fish the next revolution in food production. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 37: 287-295. DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2016.1144043.
Montoya-Camacho N, Marquez-Rios E, Castillo-Yanez J, Lopez JLC, Lopez-Elias JA, Ruiz-Cruz S, Jimenez-Ruiz EI, Rivas-Vega ME and Ocano-Higuera VM. 2018. Advances in the use of alternative protein sources for tilapia feeding. Reviews in Aquaculture, 0: 1-12. DOI: 10.1111/raq.12243.
Nakkina M. 2016. Study of growth rate in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development, 7(8): 440. DOI: 10.4172/2155-9546.1000440.
Naorbe MC, Garibay SS and Serrano AE. 2015. Simultaneous replacement of protein, vitamins and minerals by Chaetoceros calcitrans paste in the diet of the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) larvae. Animal Biology and Animal Husbandry Bioflux, 7(1): 28-36.
Naorbe MC and Serrano AE. 2018. Effects of heavy metals on cell density, size, specific growth rate and cholorphyll a of Tetraselmis tetrathele under controlled laboratory conditions. AACL Bioflux, 11(3): 589-597.
Nnaji JC, Okoye FC and Omeje VO. 2010. Screening of leaf meals as feed supplements in the culture of Oreochromis niloticus. African Journal of Food Agriculture Nutrition and Development, 10(2): 2112-2123.
Ogunji J, Toor RS, Schulz C and Kloas W. 2008. Growth performance, nutrient utilization of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fed housefly maggot meal (magmeal) diets. Turkish Journal and Aquatic Sciences, 8: 141-147.
Pinandoyo HJ, Darmanta ROK and Herawati VE. 2019. Growth and nutrient value of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed with Lemna minor meal based on different fermentation time. AACL Bioflux, 12(1): 191-200.
Plaipetch P and Yakupitiyage A. 2014. Effect of replacing soybean meal with yeast-fermented canola meal on growth and nutrient retention of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1975). Aquaculture Research, 45: 1744-1753. DOI:10.1111/are.12119.
PSA (Philippine Statistics Authority). 2019. Special Release. Fisheries situation report (July to September 2019). Reference Number 2019-308. 3pp.
Puello-Cruz AC, Ordonez-Rosas ML, Garcia-Ortega A, Angulo-Escalante MA, Almazan-Rueda P and Dominguez-Jimenez VP. 2018. Biochemical composition and evaluation of Jatropha curcas meal as a replacement for fish meal in the diets of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystem, 21: 273-282.
Putri NT, Jusadi D, Setiawati M and Sunarno MTD. 2017. Potential use of green algae Caulerpa lentillifera as feed ingredient in the diet of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia, 16(2): 195-203. DOI: 10.19027/jai.16.2.184-192.
Ritcher N, Siddhuraju P and Becker K. 2003. Evaluation of nutritional quality of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves as alternative protein source for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Aquaculture, 217: 599-611. DOI: 10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00497-0.
Robiana L, Moyano FJ, Izquierdo MS, Socorro J, Vergara JM and Montero D. 1997. Corn gluten and meat and bone meals as protein sources in diets for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata): nutritional and histological implication. Aquaculture, 151: 347-359.
Rodriguez R, Julio C and Palma J. 2000. Nutritive value of Water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) and its possibility in Animal Feed. Zootechnia Tropical, 18(2): 213-226.
Saha S, Roy RN, Sen SK and Ray AK. 2006. Characterization of cellulose-producing bacteria from the digestive tract of tilapia, Oreochromis mossambica (Peters) and grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes). Aquaculture Research, 37: 380-388.
Sarker PK, Kapuscinski AR, Bae AY, Donaldson E, Sitek AJ, Fitzgerald DS and Edelson OS. 2018. Towards sustainable aquafeeds: Evaluating substitution of fishmeal with lipid-extracted microalgal co-product (Nannochloropsis oculata) in diets of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). PLos ONE, 13(7): e0201315. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201315.
Schreckenbach K. 1982. Die bedeutong von Umweltfactoren bei der fisch production in binnengewasser. Monatshefte fuer Veterinaer Medizin, 37: 220-230.
Shiau SY, Kwok CC, Chen CJ, Hong HT and Hsieh HB. 1989. Effects of dietary fibre on the intestinal absorption of dextrin, blood sugar level and growth of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus. Journal of Fish Biology, 34: 929-935.
Singh P, Paul BN and Giri SS. 2018. Potentiality of new feed ingredients for aquaculture: A review. Agriculture Reviews, 39(4): 282-291. DOI: 10.18805/ag.R-1819.
Singh P, Paul BN, Rana GC and Giri SS. 2016. Evaluation of Jute leaf as feed ingredient for Labeo rohita fingerlings. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 33(2): 203-207. DOI: 10.5958/2231-6744.2016.00034.7.
Song HL, Liu Y, Dong XH and Chowdhury KMA. 2015. Dietary protease improves immune responses in Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. International Aquafeed May-June 2015. https://www.slideshare.net/IntAquafeed/iaf1503-f7. Accesses on 15 March 2020.
Song Z, Li H, Wang J, Li P, Sun Y and Zhang L. 2014. Effects of fish meal replacement with soy protein hydrolysates on growth performance, blood chemistry, gastrointestinal digestion and muscle composition of juvenile starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus). Aquaculture, 426: 96-104. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.01.002.
Svobodova Z, Lloyd R, Machova J and Vykusova B. 1993. Water quality and fish health. EIFAC Technical Paper No. 54, FAO, Rome, pp. 7-27.
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