Speaking and listening proficiency of AB English students: basis for instructional material development
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Jul 29, 2020
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Abstract
This descriptive study sought to find the listening and speaking proficiency levels of the selected AB English students when their scores were taken as a whole and when categorized according to specific listening and speaking microskills. It also aimed to find out particular microskills the students needed to improve on. The research made use of listening and speaking tests patterned from Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) and Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC). Results showed that when taken as a whole, the students had Advanced speaking skills. When categorized according to specific microskill, their proficiency level in recognizing and producing vowel and consonant sounds was High Advanced, and Low Advanced in controlled and free speaking tests. Improvements may focus on specific microskills: (1) recognizing and producing consonant sounds, (2) employing appropriate vocal variety in rate, pitch and intensity, (3) selecting appropriate organizational pattern according to the topic, context, and purpose, (4) formulating substantial thesis statements supported by well-thought details, and (5) delivering the message in a clear, fluent manner using appropriate nonverbal behavior. In their listening skills, students exhibited Advanced Level of Proficiency when their scores were taken as a whole. When categorized according to specific microskills, their proficiency levels are as follows: Literal level- High Advanced, Inferential level– Low Advanced, and Evaluative level–Low Advanced. These results imply that review, planning, implementation of classroom activities and seminars must be carefully re-examined to polish the students’ listening and speaking skills. A well-designed instructional material should be planned out for this purpose.
How to Cite
Palma BS, Pido RG, Peralta FD, Gente ER dela, Baga-an AL. 2020. Speaking and listening proficiency of AB English students: basis for instructional material development. The Palawan Scientist. 12:141–158. https://doi.org/10.69721/TPS.J.2020.12.1.10.
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Keywords
English language, microskills, competencies
References
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Al-Nafisah KI. 2019. Issues and strategies in improving listening comprehension in a classroom. International Journal of Linguistics, 11(3): 93-106. DOI: 10.5296/ijl.v11i3.14614.
Albino G. 2017. Improving speaking fluency in a task-based language teaching approach: the case of EFL learners at PUNIV-Cazenga. Sage Open. DOI: 10.1177/2158244017691077.
Anderson LW and Krathwohl DR. 2001. A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing. Allyn and Bacon, Massachusetts, USA. 302pp.
Bacon CK and Kim SY. 2018. “English is my only weapon”: Neoliberal language ideologies and youth metadiscourse in South Korea. Linguistics and Education, 48: 10-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.linged.2018.09.002.
Bautista MLS and Bolton K. 2009. Philippine English, Linguistic and Literary Perspective. Anvil Publishing, Inc., Manila, Philippines. 405pp.
Beerepoot N and Hendriks M. 2013. Employability of offshore sector workers in the Philippines: opportunities for upward labour mobility or dead-end jobs? Work, Employment and Society, 27(5): 823-841. DOI: 10.1177/0950017012469065.
Beltran EL. 2015. Production of intonation patterns of non-English major student teachers. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 3(5): 90-103. http://www.apjmr.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/APJMR-2015-3.5.1.11.pdf.
Best JW and Kahn JV. 1989. Introduction to Educational Research. Allyn and Bacon, Massachusetts, USA. 494pp.
Brown DH. 2001. Teaching by Principles: an Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., New York, USA. 480pp.
Capan SA and Karaca M. 2013. A comparative study of listening anxiety and reading anxiety. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences Journal, 70: 1360-1373. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.01.198.
Celik O and Yavuz F. (2015). The relationship between speaking grades and listening grades of university preparatory students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 197: 2137-2140. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.07.339.
CHED (Commission on Higher Education) 2012. Policies and Standards for Bachelor of Arts in English Language Program. CHED Memorandum Order. Commission on Higher Education of the Philippines. https://ched.gov.ph/2012-ched-memorandum-orders/. Accessed on 30 December 2019.
Cubalit AN. 2016. Listening Comprehension Problems of Thai English Learners: Proceedings of Third International Conference on Language, Literature & Society. Sri Lanka: International Center for Research and Development. 214pp.
De Leon HS. 2008. Philippine Constitution. Rex Printing Company, Inc., Manila, Philippines. 530pp.
de Jong N and Perfetti CA. 2011. Fluency training in the ESL classroom: an experimental study of fluency development and proceduralization. Language Learning, 6(2): 533-568. DOI: 10.1111/j/1467-9922.2010.00620.x.
Diaz CA. 2018. Reasons why Filipino’s English Proficiency is Gradually Deteriorating. https://cyrusdiaz88.wordpress.com/2018/09/06/reasons-why-filipinos-english-proficiency-is-gradually-deteriorating/. Accessed on 25 November 2019.
Dunbar NE, Brooks CF and Miller TK. 2006. Oral communication skills in higher education: using a performance-based evaluation rubric to assess communication skills, 31(2): 115-128. DOI: 10.1007/s10755-006-9012-x.
Eken DT and Dilidüzgün S. 2014. The types and the functions of the listening activities in Turkish and English course books. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 152: 989-994. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.355.
Emandi EM. 2015. English workshops for primary school children in Romania – a privileged didactic activity. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 203: 147-152. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.08.273.
Enerio DAM. 2018. PHL graduates’ English edge seen narrowing. BusinessWorld. https://www.bworldonline.com/phl-graduates-english-edge-seen-narrowing/. Accessed on 07 November 2019.
Field J 2004. An insight into listeners’ problems: too much bottom-up or too much top-down? System, 32(3): 363-377. DOI: 10.1016/j.system.2004.05.002.
Fraenkel JR and Wallen NE. 2009. How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. The McGraw- Hill Companies, Inc. New York, USA. 710pp.
Furnham A and Wilson E. 2011. Gender differences in estimated salaries: a UK study. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 40(5): 623-630. DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2011.04.019.
Gowhary H, Pourhalashi Z, Jamalinesari A and Azizifar A. 2015. Investigating the effect of video captioning on Iranian EFL learners’ listening comprehension. Procedia–Social and Behavioral Sciences, 192: 205-212. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.029.
Graham S. 2016. Research into practice: listening strategies in an instructed classroom setting. Language Teaching, 50(1): 107-119. DOI: 10.1017/S0261444816000306.
Greculescu A, Todorescu LL and Mitroi MMP. 2014. The career choice and the study of English in Higher Technical Education. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 128: 140-145. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.133.
Hamouda A. 2013. An investigation of listening comprehension problems encountered by Saudi students in the EL listening classroom. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 2(2): 114-155. http://hrmars.com/admin/pics/1882.pdf. Accessed on 29 May 2020.
Hassan EMI. 2014. Pronunciation problems: A case study of English language students at Sudan University of Science and Technology. English Language and Literature Studies, 4(4): 31-44. DOI: 10.5539/ells.v4n4p31.
Hernandez B. 2015. English Proficiency as a Competitive Edge. Philippine Daily Inquirer, Manila. http://opinion.inquirer.net/86602/english-proficiency-as-a-competitive-edge. Accessed on 12 January 2016.
Jackson D. 2014. Business graduate performance in oral communication skills and strategies for improvement. The International Journal of Management Education, 12(1): 22-34. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijme.2013.08.001.
Jarvis S and Pavlenko A. 2008. Crosslinguistic Influence in Language and Cognition. Routledge, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdon. 287pp.
Lasala CB. 2014. Communicative competence of secondary senior students: Language constructional pocket. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 134: 226-237. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.243.
Leong LM and Ahmadi SM. 2017. An analysis of factors affecting learners’ English speaking skills. International Journal of Research in English Education, 2(1): 34-41. DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.ijree.2.1.34.
Lockwood J, Forey G and Price H. 2008. English in Philippine call centers and BPO Operations: Issues, Opportunities, and Research. In: Bautista MLS and Bolton K (eds). Philippine English, Linguistic and Literary Perspective. Anvil Publishing, Inc., Manila, Philippines, pp. 219-241.
Ma T. 2010. Communicative listening training in English–features, strategies and methods. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 1(4): 464-472. DOI: 10.4304/jltr.1.4.464-472.
Mclean J. 2010. For Filipinos, English Proficiency is Fading. The Christian Science Monitor, Manila. Accessed on 30 December 2019.
Moradi Z and Talebi SH. 2014. The effect of pre-speaking strategies instruction in strategic planning on Iranian EFL students’ awareness as well as students’ fluency and lexical resources in speaking. Procedia–Social and Behavioral Sciences, 98: 1224-1231. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.537.
Morallo A. 2018. Filipino graduates’ English skills lower than target for cab drivers in Dubai, study says, Philstar Global, Manila. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/02/08/1785840/. Accessed on 30 December 2019.
Pandey M and Pandey PK. 2014. Better English for better employment. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach and Studies, 1(4): 93-100. http://ijmas.com/upcomingissue/10.04.2014.pdf. Accessed 04 July 2020.
Pangket WF. 2019. Oral English proficiency: factors affecting the learners’ development. International Journal of Science and Management Studies, 2(2): 88-98. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335631773_Oral_English_Proficiency_Factors_Affecting_the_Learners'_Development. Accessed on 26 May 2020.
Regala MDV. 2017. English as a Second Language in the Philippine Education System. Sun Star, Pampanga. Accessed on 30 December 2019.
Romero P. 2018. Senate to Probe Declining English Proficiency. Philstar Global, Manila. Accessed on 30 December 2019.
Ryan S. 2009. American English Pronunciation Problems for Filipinos. http://www.confidentvoice.com/blog/american-english-pronunciation-problems-for-filipinos/. Accessed on 07 November 2015.
Saricoban A and Karakurt L. 2016. The use of task-based activities to improve listening and speaking skills in EFL context. Sino-US English Teaching, 13(6): 445-459. DOI:10.17265/1539-8072/2016.06.003.
Shen Y. 2013. Balancing accuracy and fluency in English classroom teaching to improve Chinese non-English majors’ oral English ability. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3(5): 816-822. DOI: 10.4304/tpls.3.5.816-822.
Stepanoviene A. 2012. Barriers to academic listening: research perspectives. Sustainable Bilingualism, 1: 134-141. DOI: 10.7220/2335-2027.1.13.
Talwar A, Greenberg D and Li H. (2018). Does memory contribute to reading comprehension in adults who struggle in reading? Journal of Research in Reading, 41(1): 163-182. DOI. 10.1111/1467-9817.12288.
Tavil ZM. 2010. Integrating listening and speaking skills to facilitate English language learners’ communicative competence. Procedia–Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9: 765-770. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.231.
Tayao MLG. 2011. A Lectal Description of the Phonological Features of Philippine English. In: Bautista MLS and Kingsley B (eds). Philippine English, Linguistic and Literary Perspective. Anvil Publishing Inc., Manila, pp. 19-27.
Tendero JB. 2008. Hemispheric dominance and language proficiency in four macro skills of the Western Mindanao State University college students. Western Mindanao State University Journal, 27 (2). https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=6943. Accessed on 31 May 2020.
TESDA. 2011. Investing in the 21st century skilled Filipino workforce. https://www.tesda.gov.ph/uploads/File/LMIR2011/nov/NTESDPFinal%20asofSept29_1_pg1-40.pdf. Accessed on 04 July 2020.
UKEssays 2013. The English Language in the Philippines English-Language- Essay. https://www.ukessays.com/essays/english-language/the-importance-of-language-in-the-world-english-language-essay.php. Accessed on 07 November 2015.
Wang Z. 2014. Developing accuracy and fluency in spoken English of Chinese EFL learners. English language teaching, 7(2): 110-118. DOI: 10.5539/elt.v7n2p110.
Weinreich U. 1974. Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. The Hague; Paris: Mouton and Co. 157pp.
Wilson K. 2009. Teachers Blamed as English Standards Fall in Philippines. The National World, United Arab Emirates. Accessed on 14 January 2016.
Wongsamuth N. 2015. Right qualifications, wrong colour skin. The Bangkok Post. Accessed on 04 July 2020.
Yang YTC, Chuang YC, Li LY and Tseng SS. 2012. A blended learning environment for individualized English listening and speaking integrating critical thinking. Computers and Education, 63: 285-305. DOI: 10.1016/j.compedu.2012.12.012.
Yap ME, dela Llana L, Palma B and Pido R. 2012. A tracer study on the AB English graduates from 2007 to 2011. College of Arts and Sciences Research Journal, West Visayas State University, 9(1).
Yeldham M. 2018. L2 listening instruction: more bottom-up or more top-down? Journal of Asia TEFL, 15(3): 805-810. DOI: 10.18823/asiatefl.2018.15.3.805.
Al-Nafisah KI. 2019. Issues and strategies in improving listening comprehension in a classroom. International Journal of Linguistics, 11(3): 93-106. DOI: 10.5296/ijl.v11i3.14614.
Albino G. 2017. Improving speaking fluency in a task-based language teaching approach: the case of EFL learners at PUNIV-Cazenga. Sage Open. DOI: 10.1177/2158244017691077.
Anderson LW and Krathwohl DR. 2001. A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing. Allyn and Bacon, Massachusetts, USA. 302pp.
Bacon CK and Kim SY. 2018. “English is my only weapon”: Neoliberal language ideologies and youth metadiscourse in South Korea. Linguistics and Education, 48: 10-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.linged.2018.09.002.
Bautista MLS and Bolton K. 2009. Philippine English, Linguistic and Literary Perspective. Anvil Publishing, Inc., Manila, Philippines. 405pp.
Beerepoot N and Hendriks M. 2013. Employability of offshore sector workers in the Philippines: opportunities for upward labour mobility or dead-end jobs? Work, Employment and Society, 27(5): 823-841. DOI: 10.1177/0950017012469065.
Beltran EL. 2015. Production of intonation patterns of non-English major student teachers. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 3(5): 90-103. http://www.apjmr.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/APJMR-2015-3.5.1.11.pdf.
Best JW and Kahn JV. 1989. Introduction to Educational Research. Allyn and Bacon, Massachusetts, USA. 494pp.
Brown DH. 2001. Teaching by Principles: an Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., New York, USA. 480pp.
Capan SA and Karaca M. 2013. A comparative study of listening anxiety and reading anxiety. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences Journal, 70: 1360-1373. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.01.198.
Celik O and Yavuz F. (2015). The relationship between speaking grades and listening grades of university preparatory students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 197: 2137-2140. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.07.339.
CHED (Commission on Higher Education) 2012. Policies and Standards for Bachelor of Arts in English Language Program. CHED Memorandum Order. Commission on Higher Education of the Philippines. https://ched.gov.ph/2012-ched-memorandum-orders/. Accessed on 30 December 2019.
Cubalit AN. 2016. Listening Comprehension Problems of Thai English Learners: Proceedings of Third International Conference on Language, Literature & Society. Sri Lanka: International Center for Research and Development. 214pp.
De Leon HS. 2008. Philippine Constitution. Rex Printing Company, Inc., Manila, Philippines. 530pp.
de Jong N and Perfetti CA. 2011. Fluency training in the ESL classroom: an experimental study of fluency development and proceduralization. Language Learning, 6(2): 533-568. DOI: 10.1111/j/1467-9922.2010.00620.x.
Diaz CA. 2018. Reasons why Filipino’s English Proficiency is Gradually Deteriorating. https://cyrusdiaz88.wordpress.com/2018/09/06/reasons-why-filipinos-english-proficiency-is-gradually-deteriorating/. Accessed on 25 November 2019.
Dunbar NE, Brooks CF and Miller TK. 2006. Oral communication skills in higher education: using a performance-based evaluation rubric to assess communication skills, 31(2): 115-128. DOI: 10.1007/s10755-006-9012-x.
Eken DT and Dilidüzgün S. 2014. The types and the functions of the listening activities in Turkish and English course books. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 152: 989-994. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.355.
Emandi EM. 2015. English workshops for primary school children in Romania – a privileged didactic activity. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 203: 147-152. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.08.273.
Enerio DAM. 2018. PHL graduates’ English edge seen narrowing. BusinessWorld. https://www.bworldonline.com/phl-graduates-english-edge-seen-narrowing/. Accessed on 07 November 2019.
Field J 2004. An insight into listeners’ problems: too much bottom-up or too much top-down? System, 32(3): 363-377. DOI: 10.1016/j.system.2004.05.002.
Fraenkel JR and Wallen NE. 2009. How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. The McGraw- Hill Companies, Inc. New York, USA. 710pp.
Furnham A and Wilson E. 2011. Gender differences in estimated salaries: a UK study. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 40(5): 623-630. DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2011.04.019.
Gowhary H, Pourhalashi Z, Jamalinesari A and Azizifar A. 2015. Investigating the effect of video captioning on Iranian EFL learners’ listening comprehension. Procedia–Social and Behavioral Sciences, 192: 205-212. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.029.
Graham S. 2016. Research into practice: listening strategies in an instructed classroom setting. Language Teaching, 50(1): 107-119. DOI: 10.1017/S0261444816000306.
Greculescu A, Todorescu LL and Mitroi MMP. 2014. The career choice and the study of English in Higher Technical Education. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 128: 140-145. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.133.
Hamouda A. 2013. An investigation of listening comprehension problems encountered by Saudi students in the EL listening classroom. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 2(2): 114-155. http://hrmars.com/admin/pics/1882.pdf. Accessed on 29 May 2020.
Hassan EMI. 2014. Pronunciation problems: A case study of English language students at Sudan University of Science and Technology. English Language and Literature Studies, 4(4): 31-44. DOI: 10.5539/ells.v4n4p31.
Hernandez B. 2015. English Proficiency as a Competitive Edge. Philippine Daily Inquirer, Manila. http://opinion.inquirer.net/86602/english-proficiency-as-a-competitive-edge. Accessed on 12 January 2016.
Jackson D. 2014. Business graduate performance in oral communication skills and strategies for improvement. The International Journal of Management Education, 12(1): 22-34. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijme.2013.08.001.
Jarvis S and Pavlenko A. 2008. Crosslinguistic Influence in Language and Cognition. Routledge, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdon. 287pp.
Lasala CB. 2014. Communicative competence of secondary senior students: Language constructional pocket. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 134: 226-237. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.243.
Leong LM and Ahmadi SM. 2017. An analysis of factors affecting learners’ English speaking skills. International Journal of Research in English Education, 2(1): 34-41. DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.ijree.2.1.34.
Lockwood J, Forey G and Price H. 2008. English in Philippine call centers and BPO Operations: Issues, Opportunities, and Research. In: Bautista MLS and Bolton K (eds). Philippine English, Linguistic and Literary Perspective. Anvil Publishing, Inc., Manila, Philippines, pp. 219-241.
Ma T. 2010. Communicative listening training in English–features, strategies and methods. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 1(4): 464-472. DOI: 10.4304/jltr.1.4.464-472.
Mclean J. 2010. For Filipinos, English Proficiency is Fading. The Christian Science Monitor, Manila. Accessed on 30 December 2019.
Moradi Z and Talebi SH. 2014. The effect of pre-speaking strategies instruction in strategic planning on Iranian EFL students’ awareness as well as students’ fluency and lexical resources in speaking. Procedia–Social and Behavioral Sciences, 98: 1224-1231. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.537.
Morallo A. 2018. Filipino graduates’ English skills lower than target for cab drivers in Dubai, study says, Philstar Global, Manila. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/02/08/1785840/. Accessed on 30 December 2019.
Pandey M and Pandey PK. 2014. Better English for better employment. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach and Studies, 1(4): 93-100. http://ijmas.com/upcomingissue/10.04.2014.pdf. Accessed 04 July 2020.
Pangket WF. 2019. Oral English proficiency: factors affecting the learners’ development. International Journal of Science and Management Studies, 2(2): 88-98. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335631773_Oral_English_Proficiency_Factors_Affecting_the_Learners'_Development. Accessed on 26 May 2020.
Regala MDV. 2017. English as a Second Language in the Philippine Education System. Sun Star, Pampanga. Accessed on 30 December 2019.
Romero P. 2018. Senate to Probe Declining English Proficiency. Philstar Global, Manila. Accessed on 30 December 2019.
Ryan S. 2009. American English Pronunciation Problems for Filipinos. http://www.confidentvoice.com/blog/american-english-pronunciation-problems-for-filipinos/. Accessed on 07 November 2015.
Saricoban A and Karakurt L. 2016. The use of task-based activities to improve listening and speaking skills in EFL context. Sino-US English Teaching, 13(6): 445-459. DOI:10.17265/1539-8072/2016.06.003.
Shen Y. 2013. Balancing accuracy and fluency in English classroom teaching to improve Chinese non-English majors’ oral English ability. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3(5): 816-822. DOI: 10.4304/tpls.3.5.816-822.
Stepanoviene A. 2012. Barriers to academic listening: research perspectives. Sustainable Bilingualism, 1: 134-141. DOI: 10.7220/2335-2027.1.13.
Talwar A, Greenberg D and Li H. (2018). Does memory contribute to reading comprehension in adults who struggle in reading? Journal of Research in Reading, 41(1): 163-182. DOI. 10.1111/1467-9817.12288.
Tavil ZM. 2010. Integrating listening and speaking skills to facilitate English language learners’ communicative competence. Procedia–Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9: 765-770. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.231.
Tayao MLG. 2011. A Lectal Description of the Phonological Features of Philippine English. In: Bautista MLS and Kingsley B (eds). Philippine English, Linguistic and Literary Perspective. Anvil Publishing Inc., Manila, pp. 19-27.
Tendero JB. 2008. Hemispheric dominance and language proficiency in four macro skills of the Western Mindanao State University college students. Western Mindanao State University Journal, 27 (2). https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=6943. Accessed on 31 May 2020.
TESDA. 2011. Investing in the 21st century skilled Filipino workforce. https://www.tesda.gov.ph/uploads/File/LMIR2011/nov/NTESDPFinal%20asofSept29_1_pg1-40.pdf. Accessed on 04 July 2020.
UKEssays 2013. The English Language in the Philippines English-Language- Essay. https://www.ukessays.com/essays/english-language/the-importance-of-language-in-the-world-english-language-essay.php. Accessed on 07 November 2015.
Wang Z. 2014. Developing accuracy and fluency in spoken English of Chinese EFL learners. English language teaching, 7(2): 110-118. DOI: 10.5539/elt.v7n2p110.
Weinreich U. 1974. Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. The Hague; Paris: Mouton and Co. 157pp.
Wilson K. 2009. Teachers Blamed as English Standards Fall in Philippines. The National World, United Arab Emirates. Accessed on 14 January 2016.
Wongsamuth N. 2015. Right qualifications, wrong colour skin. The Bangkok Post. Accessed on 04 July 2020.
Yang YTC, Chuang YC, Li LY and Tseng SS. 2012. A blended learning environment for individualized English listening and speaking integrating critical thinking. Computers and Education, 63: 285-305. DOI: 10.1016/j.compedu.2012.12.012.
Yap ME, dela Llana L, Palma B and Pido R. 2012. A tracer study on the AB English graduates from 2007 to 2011. College of Arts and Sciences Research Journal, West Visayas State University, 9(1).
Yeldham M. 2018. L2 listening instruction: more bottom-up or more top-down? Journal of Asia TEFL, 15(3): 805-810. DOI: 10.18823/asiatefl.2018.15.3.805.
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